Timeline of the Ancient Maya

The Maya were an advanced Mesoamerican civilization living in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Unlike the Inca or the Aztecs, the Maya were not one unified empire, but rather a series of powerful city-states that often allied with or warred upon one another. Maya civilization peaked around 800 A.D. or so before falling into decline. By the time of the Spanish conquest in the sixteenth century, the Maya were rebuilding, with powerful city-states rising once again, but the Spanish defeated them. The descendants of the Maya still live in the region and many of them continue to practice cultural traditions such as language, dress, cuisine, and religion. The Maya Preclassic Period (1800–300 BCE) People first arrived in Mexico and Central America millennia ago, living as hunter-gatherers in the rain forests and volcanic hills of the region. They first began developing cultural characteristics associated with the Maya civilization around 1800 BCE on Guatemalas western coast. By 1000 BCE the Maya had spread throughout the lowland forests of southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The Maya of the Preclassic period lived in small villages in basic homes and dedicated themselves to subsistence agriculture. The major cities of the Maya, such as Palenque, Tikal, and Copà ¡n, were established during this time and began to prosper. Basic trade was developed, linking the city-states and facilitating cultural exchange. The Late Preclassic Period (300 BCE–300 CE) The late Maya Preclassic Period lasted roughly from 300 B.C. to 300 A.D. and is marked by developments in Maya culture. Great temples were constructed: their facades were decorated with stucco sculptures and paint. Long-distance trade flourished, particularly for luxury items such as jade and obsidian. Royal tombs dating from this time are more elaborate than those from the early and middle Preclassic periods and often contained offerings and treasures. The Early Classic Period (300 CE–600 CE) The Classic Period is considered to have begun when the Maya began carving ornate, beautiful stelae (stylized statues of leaders and rulers) with dates given in the Maya long count calendar. The earliest date on a Maya stela is 292 CE (at Tikal) and the latest is 909 CE (at Tonina). During the early Classic Period (300–600 CE), the Maya continued developing many of their most important intellectual pursuits, such as astronomy, mathematics, and architecture. During this time, the city of Teotihuacà ¡n, located near Mexico City, exerted a great influence on the Maya city-states, as is shown by the presence of pottery and architecture done in the Teotihuacà ¡n style. The Late Classic Period (600–900) The Maya late Classic Period marks the high point of Maya culture. Powerful city-states like Tikal and Calakmul dominated the regions around them and art, culture and religion reached their peaks. The city-states warred, allied with, and traded with one another. There may have been as many as 80 Maya city-states during this time. The cities were ruled by an elite ruling class and priests who claimed to be directly descended from the Sin, Moon, stars, and planets. The cities held more people than they could support, so trade for food, as well as luxury items, was brisk. The ceremonial ball game was a feature of all Maya cities. The Postclassic Period (800–1546) Between 800 and 900 A.D., the major cities in the southern Maya region all fell into decline and were mostly or completely abandoned. There are several theories as to why this occurred: historians tend to believe that it was excessive warfare, overpopulation, an ecological disaster or a combination of these factors that brought down the Maya civilization. In the north, however, cities like Uxmal and Chichen Itza prospered and developed. War was still a persistent problem: many of the Maya cities from this time were fortified. Sacbes, or Maya highways, were constructed and maintained, indicating that trade continued to be important. Maya culture continued: all four of the surviving Maya codices were produced during the Postclassic period. The Spanish Conquest (ca. 1546) By the time the Aztec Empire rose in Central Mexico, the Maya were rebuilding their civilization. The city of Mayapan in Yucatà ¡n became an important city, and cities and settlements on the eastern coast of the Yucatà ¡n prospered. In Guatemala, ethnic groups such as the Quichà © and Cachiquels once again built cities and engaged in trade and warfare. These groups came under the control of the Aztecs as a sort of vassal states. When Hernà ¡n Cortes conquered the Aztec Empire in 1521, he learned of the existence of these powerful cultures to the far south and he sent his most ruthless lieutenant, Pedro de Alvarado, to investigate and conquer them. Alvarado did so, subduing one city-state after another, playing on regional rivalries just as Cortes had done. At the same time, European diseases such as measles and smallpox decimated the Maya population. Colonial and Republican Eras The Spanish essentially enslaved the Maya, dividing their lands up among the conquistadors and bureaucrats who came to rule in the Americas. The Maya suffered greatly in spite of the efforts of some enlightened men like Bartolomà © de Las Casas who argued for their rights in Spanish courts. The native people of southern Mexico and northern Central America were reluctant subjects of the Spanish Empire and bloody rebellions were common. With Independence coming in the early nineteenth century, the situation of the average indigenous native of the region changed little. They were still repressed and still chafed at it: when the Mexican-American War broke out (1846–1848) ethnic Maya in Yucatà ¡n took up arms, kicking off the bloody Caste War of Yucatan in which hundreds of thousands were killed. The Maya Today Today, the descendants of the Maya still live in southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and northern Honduras. Many continue to hold to their traditions, such as speaking their native languages, wearing traditional clothes and practicing indigenous forms of the religion. In recent years, they have won more freedoms, such as the right to practice their religion openly. They are also learning to cash in on their culture, selling handicrafts at native markets and promoting tourism to their regions: with this newfound wealth from tourism is coming political power. The most famous Maya today is probably the Quichà © Indian Rigoberta Menchà º, winner of the 1992 Nobel Peace Prize. She is a well-known activist for native rights and occasional presidential candidate in her native Guatemala. Interest in Maya culture was at an all-time high in 2010, as the Maya calendar was set to reset in 2012, prompting many to speculate about the end of the world. Sources Aldana y Villalobos, Gerardo and Edwin L. Barnhart (eds.) Archaeoastronomy and the Maya. Eds. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2014. Martin, Simon, and Nicolai Grube. Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya. London: Thames and Hudson, 2008. McKillop, Heather. The Ancient Maya: New Perspectives. Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, July 17, 2006. Sharer, Robert J. The Ancient Maya. 6th ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2006.

Biography Of Hideo Kojima s Influence On The World

Hideo Kojima was born on 24 August, 1963. He was born in Tokyo, Japan, but his family moved to western Japan shortly after his birth. Growing up as a latchkey kid, he had to deal with loneliness and loss as a child, when his father passed away while he was just 13 years old. From an early age, he knew that he wanted to be a writer and illustrator, but faced a lot of pressure to seek out a safer and financially stable line of work. Despite discouragement from his family and peers, as a teen, he wrote and illustrated original short stories and sent them to magazines, although none ever got published. He first went to college to study economics, He spent most of his spare time playing video games. He shocked his peers by saying he wanted to go into video game design his fourth year of college. Kojima became famous beginning with the release of the first iteration of the Metal Gear series in 1986, Metal Gear biggest and most recognizable contributions to the gaming world. The main character of the title, Solid Snake, has even made appearances in other video games like Nintendo s Super Smash Bros Brawl. In the start of his career, he gain a lot of rejection most of his game ideas failed. Nonetheless, he was hired by Konami Digital Entertainment. The Metal Gear series is a prime example of a war game that includes violence and gun. The player takes control of a special forces operative, Snake, who is assigned to find the super weapon Metal Gear, a bipedal walking tank with

The Hunters Moonsong Chapter Eleven Free Essays

â€Å"Coffee, my dear?† Professor Campbel – James, Elena reminded herself – asked. At her nod, he bounced to his feet and bustled over to the tiny coffeemaker perched on top of a teetering stack of papers. He brought her a cup of coffee, creamed and sugared, and settled down happily in his chair, gazing across his crowded desk at her with an expression of innocent enjoyment. We will write a custom essay sample on The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Eleven or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"I think I have some cookies,† he offered. â€Å"Not homemade, but they’re reasonably tasty. No?† Elena shook her head politely and sipped her coffee. â€Å"It’s very good,† she said, and smiled at him. It had been a few days since she had told Stefan and Damon she needed to take a break from them. After a much-needed sob session with Bonnie and Meredith, she had done her best to be normal – going to class, having lunch with her friends, keeping up a brave mask. Part of this attempt at normality was coming to James’s office hours, so that she could hear more about her parents. Even though they couldn’t be there to comfort her, talking about them offered some solace. â€Å"My God!† James cried out. â€Å"You have Elizabeth’s face, and then, when you smile, Thomas’s dimple comes right out. Just the same as his – on only one side. It gave him a certain raffish charm.† Elena wondered if she should thank James. He was complimenting her, in a way, but the compliments were real y directed toward her parents, and it felt a little presumptuous to be grateful for them. She settled for saying, â€Å"I’m glad you think I look like my parents. I remember thinking when I was little that they were very elegant.† She shrugged. â€Å"I guess al little kids think their parents are beautiful.† â€Å"Well, your mother certainly was,† James said. â€Å"But it’s not just your looks. Your voice sounds like hers, and the comments you made in class this week reminded me of things your father would have said. He was very observant.† He delved into his desk drawers and, after a bit of rummaging, pul ed out a tin of butter cookies. â€Å"Sure you won’t have one? Ah, Well.† He chose one for himself and took a bite. â€Å"Yes, as I was saying, Elizabeth was extremely lovely. I wouldn’t have cal ed Thomas lovely, but he had charm. Maybe that’s how he managed to win Elizabeth’s heart in the end.† â€Å"Oh.† Elena stirred her coffee absently. â€Å"She dated other guys, then?† It was ridiculous, but she had kind of imagined her parents as always being together. James chuckled. â€Å"She was quite the heartbreaker. I imagine you are, too, dear.† Elena thought unhappily of Stefan’s soft, dismayed green eyes. She had never wanted to hurt him. And Matt, who she had dated in high school and who had quietly gone on loving her. He hadn’t fal en in love, or even been real y interested in, anyone else since then. Heartbreaker, yeah. James was watching her with bright, inquisitive eyes. â€Å"Not a happy heartbreaker, then?† he said softly. Elena glanced at him in surprise, and he set his coffee cup down with a little clink. He straightened up. â€Å"Elizabeth Morrow,† he said in a brisk businesslike voice, â€Å"was a freshman when I met her. She was always making things, particularly amazing sets and costumes she designed for the theater department. Your father and I were both sophomores at the time – we were in the same fraternity, and close friends – and he couldn’t stop talking about this amazing girl. Once I got to know her, I was sucked into her orbit, too.† He smiled. â€Å"Thomas and I each had something special about us: I was academical y gifted, and Thomas could talk anyone into anything. But we were both cultural barbarians. Elizabeth taught us about art, about theater, about the world beyond the smal Southern towns where we’d grown up.† James ate another cookie, absentmindedly licking sugar off his fingers, then sighed deeply. â€Å"I thought we’d be friends forever,† he said. â€Å"But we went in different directions in the end.† â€Å"Why?† Elena asked. â€Å"Did something happen?† His bright eyes shifted away from hers. â€Å"Of course not,† he said dismissively. â€Å"Just life, I suppose. But whenever I walk down the third-floor corridor, I can’t help stopping to look at the photograph of us.† He gave a self-conscious laugh, patting his stomach. â€Å"Mostly vanity, I suppose. I recognize my young self more easily than I do the fat old man I see in the mirror now.† â€Å"What are you talking about?† Elena asked, confused. â€Å"The third-floor corridor?† James’s mouth made a round O of surprise. â€Å"Of course, you don’t know al the col ege traditions yet. The long corridor on the third floor of this building has pictures from al the different periods of Dalcrest’s history. Including a nice photo of your parents and yours truly.† â€Å"I’l have to check it out,† Elena said, feeling a little excited. She hadn’t seen many pictures of her parents from before they were married. There was a tap on the door, and a smal girl with glasses peeked in. â€Å"Oh, I’m sorry,† she said, and started to withdraw. â€Å"No, no, my dear,† James said jovial y, getting to his feet. â€Å"Elena and I were just chatting about old friends. You and I need to have a serious talk about your senior thesis as soon as possible. Come in, come in.† He gave Elena an absurd little half bow. â€Å"Elena, we’l have to continue this conversation later.† â€Å"Of course,† Elena said, and rose, shaking James’s offered hand. â€Å"Speaking of old friends,† he said casual y as she turned to go, â€Å"I met a friend of yours, Dr. Celia Connor, just before the semester started. She mentioned that you were coming here.† Elena whipped back around, staring at him. He had met Celia? Images fil ed Elena’s mind: Celia held in Stefan’s arms as he traveled faster than any human, desperate to save her life; Celia fending off the phantom in a room ful of flames. How much did James know? What had Celia told him? James smiled blandly back at her. â€Å"But we’l talk later,† he said. After a moment, Elena nodded and stumbled out of his office, her mind racing. The girl who was waiting held the door open for her. In the hal outside, Elena leaned against the wal and took stock for a moment. Would Celia have told James about Stefan and Damon being vampires, or anything about Elena herself? Probably not. Celia had become a friend by the end of their battle with the phantom. She would have kept their secrets. Plus, Celia was a very savvy academic. She wouldn’t have told her col eagues anything that might make them think she was crazy, including that she had met actual vampires. Elena shook off the unease she felt from the end of her conversation with James and thought instead of the picture he’d told her about. She climbed the stairs to the third floor to see if she could find it now. It turned out that the â€Å"third-floor corridor† was no problem to find. While the second floor was a maze of turning passageways and faculty offices subdivided from one another, when she stepped out of the stairWellon the third floor she discovered it was a long hal that ran from one end of the building to the other. In contrast to the chatter of people at work on the second floor, the third floor seemed abandoned, silent and dim. Closed doors sat at regular intervals along the hal . Elena peered through the glass on one door, only to see an empty room. Al down the hal , between the doors, hung large photographs. Near the stairWell, where she began looking, they seemed like they were from maybe the turn of the century: young men in side-combed hair and suits, smiling stiffly; girls in high-necked white blouses and long skirts with their hair pul ed up on top of their heads. In one, a row of girls carried garlands of flowers for some forgotten campus occasion. There were photos of boat races and picnics, couples dressed up for dances, team pictures. In one photo, the cast of some student play – maybe from the 1920s or ’30s, the girls with shingled flapper cuts, the guys with funny covers over their shoes – laughed hilariously on stage, their mouths frozen open, their hands in the air. A little farther on, a group of young men in army uniforms gazed back at her seriously, jaws firmly set, eyes determined. As she moved on down the hal , the photos changed from black-and-white to color; the clothes got less formal; the hairstyles grew longer, then shorter; messier, then sleeker. Even though most of the people in the photographs looked happy, something about them made Elena feel sad. Maybe it was how fast time seemed to pass in them: al these people had been Elena’s age, students like her, with their own fears and joys and heartbreaks, and now they were gone, grown older or even dead. She thought briefly of a bottle tucked deep in her closet at home, containing the water of eternal life she’d accidental y stolen from the Guardians. Was that the answer? She pushed the thought away. It wasn’t the answer yet – she knew that – and she’d made the very clear choice not to think about that bottle, not to decide anything, not now. She had time, she had more life to live natural y before she’d want to ask herself that question. The picture James talked about was close to the far end of the hal . In it, her father, her mother, and James were sitting on the grass under a tree in the quad. Her parents were leaning forward in eager conversation, and James – a much thinner version, his face almost unrecognizable beneath a straggly beard – was sitting back and watching them, his expression sharp and amused. Her mother looked amazingly young, her face soft, her eyes wide, her smile big and bright, but she was also somehow exactly the mother Elena remembered. Elena’s heart gave a painful but happy throb at the sight of her. Her father was gawkier than the distinguished dad Elena had known – and his pastel-patterned shirt was a fashion disaster of epic proportions – but there was an essential dadness to him that made Elena smile. She noticed the pin on his horrific pastel shirt first. She thought it was a smudge, but then, leaning forward, she made out the shape of a smal , dark blue V. Looking at the other figures, she realized her mother and James were wearing the same pins, her mother’s half-obscured by a long golden curl fal ing across it. Weird. She tapped her finger slowly against the glass over the photograph, touching one V and then the others. She would ask James about the pins. Hadn’t he mentioned that he and her dad had been in a fraternity? Maybe it had something to do with that. Didn’t frat boys â€Å"pin† their girlfriends? Something nudged at the edges of her mind. She’d seen one of these pins somewhere. But she couldn’t remember where, so she shrugged it off. Whatever it stood for, it was something she didn’t know about her parents, another facet of their lives to be discovered here. She couldn’t wait to learn more. How to cite The Hunters: Moonsong Chapter Eleven, Essay examples

Business Project Management German company Daimler AG

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Project Managementfor German company Daimler AG. Answer: Introduction Mercedes-Benz is one of the largest manufacturing automobile company as well as a division of German company Daimler AG. The company is well known for its luxury vehicles, coaches, buses and truck into worldwide market segmentation. Mercedes-Benz has come to the affect in 1926 and the headquarters is situated in Stuttgart Germany (Kaplan 2012). It is a first gasoline-powered automobile company in the world. The internal mission and vision statement of the company is not available publicly. There are some drives which show the value of Mercedes such as commitment of a legacy honor, considering the vision of every details and foresight of taking responsibility. As stated by Braun et al. (2016), the company maintains corporate social responsibility in environment which includes production and suppliers. The company has manufactured and assembled in across 20 countries into worldwide. It has a personal TV for customers in the company website. The company also has some strengths and weakn ess in the country. The cost of maintenance is high as well as there is a lack of capital constraints which the company is trying to reduce within the country (Benz 2013). Future Prospect of Investigation Situation Happening while Addressing new Technology According to Lagemann, Bhm and Binder (2015), in the 19th Century, the company was not so developed into worldwide. However, now the company is running well across the country but there is some issue which the company is facing to grow up in the future strategy of market segmentation. Previously there was lack of latest tools and technology by which the company had to face some difficulties in the market. Though the competition was not so high, the business had earned less profit because the concept of production was less on that time. Nowadays, the production has increased with the help of latest tools and technologies. At previous time, the company used some oldest machine by which the production was less and products are insufficient. There is an often of breakdown illustration which shows the high cost of maintenance across the country. Now the company is spreading internationally and making more profit into worldwide. Now the company is making new innovation with new and latest technology such as 3D cameras, night vision, radar and LED headlights those adjust the brightness of the car automatically. Mercedes has introduced a new S-Class car which is never launched before. Inadequacy of Existing Resource and Skills As stated by Braun et al. (2016), there is an existing resource of the company because it is running since the 19th Century. Previously there was more inadequacy of natural resource and skills because the company did not have more customers for its product. One of the basic reasons of inadequacy is the tourist customers of the company because there was a glowing influx of tourist as well as inadequate number of accommodation and Hotels. For this, more customers were not involved with the company. However, in the 21st Century, these issues are removing consistently from the company and making some fundamental approaches to reach the business at its success point. Competitors Action The company needs to maintain some constant new design for its products by which it can face challenges in the market when it becomes competitive. The company needs to have some retail consumers which can buy the products as daily basis. There are some competitive companies are also available in the marketing strategy which are also doing well business across the country such as Audi and BMW (Coad and Teruel 2012). These are the competitive companies of Mercedes. The company is now giving some design to its existing product by which it may get large segmentation of customers. In todays era, there are many challenges in the market for this the company is facing difficulties to sell its product. The company has to maintain this for well growth into global market segmentation. Unstable Situation The external environment will greatly affect business development of Mercedes in the coming future. In addition to a fluctuation in the laws, rules, taxonomy structures and regulations, the company will be significantly impacted with a re-defining of the market. An increase in pollution regulations, setting of atmospheric excretion standards and re-establishment of carbon offset rules will greatly drive the manager`s decision (Spry and Lukas 2016). Additionally, a development in the technological aspect within the country will also exert a pressure on the future progress levels. A launch of new services, automation or robotic control will help in building up new cars and further result in a brighter future. Supply Restriction Like any other company, Mercedes also is dependent on the regular supply of raw materials to ensure a smooth operation. Further, with a change in the downfall of sources there will be a vast change in framework of the firm. According to Serrano et al. (2015), apart from an additional impose of control on primary materials that will affect prices will ultimately lead to an uneven situation of the organization in the future. It is also noted that a increase in oil prices and deforestation of sources will also noticeably affect the growth of Mercedes in the coming days. Conclusion It can be observed that the consumers of the Mercedes Benz are highly satisfied with the service of the cars. The consumers, who are conscious about the brand, are willing to purchasing the cars from this organization. In addition, Mercedes Benz has a greater impact on the resale value. In this connection, it can be added that the resale price of the cars are comparatively higher than the other luxury cars due to the higher demand of the models of this definite car manufacturing company. Moreover, it can be mentioned that good communication skill with the consumers can effectively increase the sales of an organization. In this purpose, the management of the organization tried to provide training to the sale representatives, so that they can easily communicate with the consumers and can convince to the consumers to purchase cars from them. Furthermore, it can be added that Mercedes Benz has the efficient source of fund, which is provided by the Daimler Company. The investment fund is required for increasing the production. In this section, it can be mentioned that Mercedes Benz has been suffering from the slow growth. Mercedes Benz has facing a tough battle against BMW group as well as Volkswagen AG. Therefore, it can be noticed that global sales of Mercedes Benz has decreased by 19 percent from the year of 2007. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the management of the Mercedes Benz car manufacturing company requires taking some relevant marketing strategies, which can reduce the existing competition as well as can also increase the sales of the organization. The management of Mercedes Benz car manufacturing company can add some addition features in the cars and can provide this to the consumers in turn of affordable prices. Therefore, the consumers are also willing to purchase Mercedes Benz. On the other hand, it can be added that this car manufacturing company used to deliver their products to the consumers within the proposed date. As opined by Uhl and Gollenia (2016), it used to take long period t o the clients after their purchasing. Therefore, in this connection, it can be mentioned that the car manufacturing company requires delivering the cars within the proposed date. This will effectively increase the goodwill of the organization. Moreover, some of the models of this particular car manufacturing company are not easily available (Liebl 2013). Therefore, the consumers feel reluctant to buy the cars from this organization. In addition, it can be identified that the consumers sometimes require to pay a huge amount of tax in case of import of the models from outside of the country. Therefore, it can be stated that the consumers will suffer from the tax burden. After reviewing the business position of Mercedes Benz, it can be predicted that the revenue earning by the organization will be increased. In addition, it can be mentioned that the cost of production will also reduce; therefore, the profitability margin will also improve. In case of import of cars, government of a country will receive higher tax revenue from the dealers. References Benz, M., 2013. Mercedes Benz.Retrieved July,12, p.2013. Braun, T., Lckert, P., Duvinage, F. and Mackensen, A., 2016. Mercedes-Benz diesel technology OM654 near-engine-mounted SCR system for WLTP and RDE. In16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium(pp. 239-255). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Braun, T., Lckert, P., Duvinage, F. and Mackensen, A., 2016. Mercedes-Benz diesel technology OM654 near-engine-mounted SCR system for WLTP and RDE. In16. Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium(pp. 239-255). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Coad, A. and Teruel, M., 2012. Inter-firm rivalry and firm growth: is there any evidence of direct competition between firms?.Industrial and Corporate Change, p.dts018. Kaplan, A., 2012. design, construction and testing of the most efficient exhaust for a mercedes-benz c-class. Lagemann, I.V., Bhm, J. and Binder, S., 2015. Steel Pistons for Mercedes-Benz PC Diesel Engines Lightweight, Efficient and Sustainable.MTZ worldwide,76(6), pp.4-9. Liebl, C., 2013.Kommunikations-Controlling: Ein Beitrag zur Steuerung der Marketing-Kommunikation am Beispiel der Marke Mercedes-Benz. Springer-Verlag. Serrano, A., Faulin, J., Astiz, P., Snchez, M. and Belloso, J., 2015. Locating and Designing a Biorefinery Supply Chain under Uncertainty in Navarre: A Stochastic Facility Location Problem Case.Transportation Research Procedia,10, pp.704-713. Spry, A. and Lukas, B.A., 2016. Brand Portfolio Architecture and Firm Performance: The Moderating Impact of Generic Strategy. InLooking Forward, Looking Back: Drawing on the Past to Shape the Future of Marketing(pp. 866-867). Springer International Publishing. Uhl, A. and Gollenia, L.A., 2016.Business Transformation Essentials: Case Studies and Articles. Routledge.

Alum Essays - Thermodynamics, Measuring Instruments, Heat Transfer

: The error described by the calculation can be accounted for by errors in temperature measurement. The distance of the thermometer to the reaction site could have caused a differential of temperatures which would give a higher q value for the closer the thermometer was placed and lower for the further it was placed. In this case the thermometer was placed further from the reaction site so that it read a lower q value which in return yielded a lower heat of formation. The reaction was not swirled in the calorimeter; therefore, the temperature reading on the thermometer was being measured incorrectly. The 35.7 % error is mostly accounted by this. Another error that could have caused a fluctuation in the heat of formation is the magnesium ribbon coming in contact with oils from hands. These oils from hands could cause a mass change of the magnesium, in return causing a higher mass, causing the heat of formation to be higher. Also the magnesium ribbon was dropped two times while trying to collect it; this would cause a little reduction in mass causing the heat of formation to be less.

Correctional Staff Attitudes Essays

Correctional Staff Attitudes Essays Correctional Staff Attitudes Essay Correctional Staff Attitudes Essay Correctional Staff Attitudes and its Effects on the Entire Facility Teresa McCroskey CJ503 – 01NA Organizational Behavior Unit 3 April 13, 2010 Instructor Colleen McCue Correctional Staff Attitudes and its Effects on the Entire Facility The correctional staffs work environment is largely a part of the issue of why it is hard to keep efficient staff. The correctional supervisor must be able to find solutions for staff to be able to handle the hostile work environment, job dangers, shift work, and dealing with the family stressors. This can cause many issues such as lack of sleep, issues with child care, along with dangerous inmates the correctional officers deal with, medical issues, among a few. This causes many of the officers to have absenteeism from work, and develop negative attitudes, work habits, and feelings towards the people he/she is supervised by or receive promotions before them. Correctional workers work in a unique work environment. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Correctional officers can develop medical issues that can cause them time off work called stressors. These stressors can come from lack of sleep which can disrupt much of an officers day. Some of the symptoms are what is called Shift lag. â€Å"Shift lag is impaired performance. Lack of sleep can cause gastrointestinal issues, depression and apathy, sleepiness or falling asleep at work, and sleep interference during the daytime. Medical issues that can come from the stressors of lack of sleep can cause much disruption in an officers work day. Some of the symptoms are: shift lag, impaired performance, gastrointestinal dysfunction, depression and apathy, sleepiness/sleeping at work, and sleep disruption during the daytime sleep. Women face the issue of cardiovascular and obstetric problems more so then men. Women face having low birth rate babies, preterm babies, and spontaneous abortions. Where men may have issues with cardiovascular issues and sleep disorders. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) There was a study done and in this study there was nine correctional norms found. The nine norms or beliefs found among the officers and supervisors. They were: â€Å"That the officer is to protect his partner, bring no drugs to his partner, no turning on another officer, never make an officer look bad in front of an inmate, lways help an officer against an inmate, do not be a goody-two-shoes, all officers stand together against all outside groups, show positive concern for all fellow officers†. (Dial Johnson, 2008) The senior officers train the trainees to help them learn the ropes of the inmates. The trainees are taught that the inmates are the enemy and can not be trusted. The first thing one is to suspect is that one can anticipate trouble at any time. More often than not there are signs of issues brewing. Look for signs of noise change whether quieter or louder. If the offender refuses to be searched then that could be a sign as well. These are all signs that a senior officer will teach a trainee to help him/her fit in the subculture of the prison. Different officers use different techniques to gain control of the inmates. Some use force some use psychological pressure. No two officers use the complete same technique or are two offenders the same. Training of racial and mental health inmates are trained by the senior officers to the new officers because it is a different subculture to face. Peer pressure is one of the issues that cause prison guards to be vulnerable or negative. The dependency on support and response of other staff , new staff orientation includes a â€Å"code of silence,† this gives a message that administration does not care about safety and will not allocate what is needed to do the job â€Å"the right way,† and which means the job gets done â€Å"our way. † (Cocoran, 2005) Without the extra training it can be it can be extra stress from the more difficult inmates and there would be more employee turnover, sick leave, and possible peer pressure from the officers trying to fit in and not being able to do so. Experienced practioners, program specialists, and evaluators conducted interviews and did observations on all shifts. This team went into the cultures formal and informal. The stresses of the job, the patterns of the job, the patterns and unique values held by the members of the shift members of the job and attitudes and behaviors. â€Å"This can cause possible misalignment of management and line staff. It can affect the core value of the policy and practices. Others understand the issues like another police officer or correctional officer. (Cocoran, 2005) If all are available to one another it is easier for officers to deal with the job stressors. Support should always come from another officer or officer support program. In the testing of the Westville Correction Center, which is a medium security prison, 100 officers volunteered to take and be involved in the survey and experiment. This was a year long experiment, which in turn lessened assaults, grievances, the number of escapes , and the amount of overtime. According to the guards, and inmates the program is to help the administration, supervisors change the culture to help prison guards and inmates with the values, norms to be positive and create policies where the everyone can be safe and treated fairly, as well establish communication through the environment where the environment practices in the institutions and promote a safe environment where people are valued for what he/she can give. A subculture at work may cause an officer to act in a way that may violate his beliefs. This can cause him/her issues at home, inner conflict, and at work. Then a coworker can come into play on helping to finding a social support group to relieve the stress and perception that has been caused from that subculture. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"The three aspects of the social support group comes from supervision and management, helping to stop burnouts and vital in assisting with alleviating stressors, intervention in the job and work setting such as: pressure designed to force them to resign or transfer, no backing when attacked or goaded by inmates, and no support in dealing with public problems with visitors, protestors, press. (Dial Johnson, 2008) The next biggest issue of many correctional officers is not only the officers’ health issues, job efficiency, and job satisfaction is how the organization that the officers work for care about handling the needs of the officers long term. In most cases are looked at through long term surveys and testing when hiring correctional officers and afterwards by correctional facilities. If supervisor can identify what makes one’s life stressful it can help assist in making the correctional officers’ stress reduction easier. Dial Johnson, 2008) The most often caused stressors are controlling his/her own stress, recognizing and helping stressed – out workers cope with their stress, and improving physical conditions as well as mental outlook of workers. à ¢â‚¬Å"The community offers very little support to correctional officers, which causes family issues, and the divorce rate was twice that of other workers in 1983. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"Correctional officers let off the tensions of work in wrong places (at home), excessive discipline at home, spent less time at home on days off. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Officers experiencing stress at work took it out on the family and damaged the family and caused major family damage with his/her spouse and children. Shift work, long hours, overtime made it difficult for officers to function in a family oriented capacity and weaken the ties of family support more. Shift work, long hours, and overtime make it difficult for officers to attend important family functions; further weakening his/her ties to a family support system. The most important seems to be peer support in a dangerous job like Corrections. It tends to be because of the alienation and cynicism that the officers feel. The officers that the coworkers were trustworthy had issues about the job on surveys. It was found on the surveys that often correctional officers worked against one another which caused dissatisfaction on the job. The researchers gathered data for the present paper through surveys they administered to correctional staff attending regional in-service training for a southern prison system. This region has 13 correctional institutions that oversee offenders from all custody designations. These prisons hold the death row inmates as well as the high – security prison. The survey was given seven times within three months. Then the researchers coded and tabulated the surveys. â€Å"This survey excluded people that were not in service for fewer that eight months of training. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) The person had to be in direct contact with the inmates was the only qualification for the sample selection. No demographics were made to race or gender. Women also face other issues more so than men such as cardiovascular and obstetric problems. The obstetric issues are low birth rates, preterm deliveries, and spontaneous abortions. (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"Sharing information is important and this can be done at town meetings and on the department of corrections website. † (Cocoran, 2005) Like in many employment situations the officers work long hours and spend more time with coworkers and less time with his/her families. At times the officers view the coworkers view his/her a family. Often the coworkers bring in food and share it instead of eating the food cooked by the inmates. It is good for team building and unity of the coworkers even though most of the employees still will not become friends. The team building through officers bringing food and sharing is seen as a challenge for officers to care and feel pressure and can feel stress from officers. Administration can create an environment where workers are invited to show concern for one another. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Job satisfaction and job stress can be decreased if officers and supervisors can instill concern for each other between coworkers. Officers have indicated that if he/she believes that coworkers do not care about them, officers experience bitterness and burnout and officers feeling fear at the hands of coworkers than the inmates and the deceitfulness of the officers and inmates. (Dial Johnson, 2008) Some of the officers had great experiences with supervisors being positive, showing great unity with the team, and being clear minded. One officer stated he/she loved his shift and unit. (Dial Johnson, 2008) â€Å"New officers report higher levels of work stress than other officers. The survey also showed that mentors should be carefully selected for new young officers. Due to the young officers could get swallowed up by the pitfalls of prison employment. The relationship may foster between mentor and employees. † (Dial Johnson, 2008) Correctional supervisors and administration staff need to make sure that the employees have the support needed to help them stay emotional, mentality, and physically fit to deal with the daily stressors of the inmates in the institution he/she manages. If he/she sees that employee issues are starting, then he or she needs to start looking at the problems and finding solutions to the problems. It could be more than the person itself.

Religious observation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religious observation - Assignment Example Families and couples were seen sited together perhaps because of love and companionship, but this was not the case for all people in the church. I noted that female gender were many compared to the male gender. Two people made prayers from the congregation who prayed for the peace to prevail in the country and entire world as well as the families. The clergy and the pastor who led the service made other prayers. There were some rituals performed specifically during Holy Communion, whereby grape juice and a small white piece of bread was administered to the congregation. Prayers were made before taking the Holy Communion, in which the pastor led the congregation in reciting some rhythmical prayers. I was told that the Eucharist had a meaning since they remembered the death of Jesus Christ because of their sins. Therefore, when they take it they repent and the â€Å"blood† washes their sins (Nicholas, 2002). The cleric was successful in delivering the message; he used the bible and provided various current life examples that challenged the congregation to change from their unfaithful behaviors to good behaviors that uplift Jesus name. I was welcomed at the gate and provided with the necessary directions since I introduced myself as a visitor. I felt uneasy for the first few minutes because I was not aware of their doctrines, however, I later coped with the

Tourism in Canada Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism in Canada - Research Paper Example HISTORY & CHARACTERISTICS - WEM Located at Alberta, Canada the concept of WEM had begun in 1981 prior to which the Ghermezian family who had left New York went to Montreal and then later on settled in Edmonton during 1960’s and 1970’s. Till that time they were involved in their family business of selling Persian rugs. In the late 70’s the idea of Edmonton Mall hatched in their minds and in September 1981 Phase-1 was completed with 1.1 million square feet space facilitating 220 stores. In September 1983, Phase-2 got completed by adding another 1.12 sq ft area accommodating 240 more shops. Phase 3 was completed in 1985 with a total of 5.2 million sq ft occupying 120 acres of land. The property can accommodate over 800 stores, 20,000 vehicles and staffs around 23,000 people. TOURISM HISTORY EDMONTON Edmonton being the capital city of Alberta is known for its scenic river valley and wide varieties of art and music forms. Edmonton has a unique history of architecture which has been portrayed through its Muttart Conservatory – a horticultural spectacle and the Alberta Legislature building. Fort Edmonton Park which is one of the largest living museums in Canada portraying the life, culture and arts of periods in history of Alberta right from the Fur trade Era (1846) , The settlement era (1885) and the Metropolitan Era of 1905. The Park is open each year starting with the beginning of May through the end of Labour Day. Edmonton is also famous for its humid continental climate with extreme seasonal temperatures and is considered as Canada’s one of the sunniest cities. MAJOR ATTRACTIONS Galaxyland – indoor amusement park located in the north side of the mall considered as second largest in the world with 24 rides of attraction. World Waterpark – world’s largest water park covering approximately 4.9 acres of land including wave pools, sky screamer, twisters and many other water sports. Sea life cavern – an ind oor lake with salt water habitat with a sea lion which is placed beneath the main floor of the mall with submarine facility. Ice palace – located in the centre of the mall, this ring is currently used for other sports like hockey and others. Other attractions include a Professor’s WEM Golf Course, Movie house ( originally with 4 of them, currently running only one) , Ed’s recreation centre housed with bowling alleys, music stage, arcade and restaurant, Fantasyland hotel, Petting Zoo, Gold’s Gym, Nightclub ( Whiskey Jack’s and Empire Ballroom) , four radio stations, theme areas like – Bourbon Street featuring clubs and restaurants according to New Orleans style Europa Boulevard consisting of Eclectic shops, Chinatown catering to Asian population. Alberta Aviation Museum, Telus World of Science, Art Gallery of Alberta, and City Arts Centre are some other important range of tourist spots which can accommodate people of all ages. Downtown Edmont on, the neighbourhood of Edmonton town is a commercial centre housed with Arts and Warehouse District, Rice Howard Way – the CBD of Edmonton and Art gallery of Alberta. The Royal Alberta Museum is located at Glenora which is home for Scottish inspired mansions TOURIST ACCOMODATION WEM consists of some of the most famous hotels in house to accommodate tourists from various destinations. Fantasyland Hotel –

The Role of Strategic PR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of Strategic PR - Essay Example The first priority will be entrenching the image of Unilever UK as a healthy, eco-friendly, and happiness-inducing company. With this foundation should come smaller, internal and external campaigns to spread the firm declaration of these ideas to the Government, trendsetters within the community, investors, Unilever UK employees, and both traditional and social media outlets. Each situation has unique challenges and potential rewards, and thus must have tailored campaigns. In addition, Unilever UK will push into the young boy and girl deodorant market with the introduction of Dove Boy and Dove Girl. This will utilize some of the strategies of Unilever UK as a whole, with the addition of some specific marketing moves. The first step is to analyze the position and necessary response for Unilever UK to achieve its goals in 2011. A combination of anti-corporatism and fiscal restraint by individuals and the government alike has resulted in a new set of problems for Unilever UK. The UK had a .5% decrease in the fourth quarter of 2010, and expected GDP for 2011 was recently reduced to 1.5% (Archer, 2011). Because of this, consumers in the UK will spend less than before the global recession. Thus, marketing techniques and results must be upgraded if Unilever UK is to maintain or expand its current position. Positively, commensurate with the decline in the global economy came a decline in demand for advertisements, making advertising prices in the UK through traditional media fall significantly (Daily Mail Reporter, 2009). But pure economics will not make Unilever UK’s advertising plans successful- it will take a seasonal, trendy, and multi-genre campaign to ensure Unilever UK improves its sales and image as much as possible. Also, Unilever UK needs to maintain positive relations with the government of the UK, which has taken the middle ground on corporate relations, both prosecuting (Murphy, 2011) and permitting (Sweney, 2011) anti-competitive practices. Good re lations with the media, influential individuals, investors, employees and the traditional media will depend on a personal relationship with each, coupled with the enforcement of the companies values across the spectrum of society. Next, it is necessary to determine the aim of Unilever UK for this year. 2011 needs to be a year of enforcing the values of Unilever UK. That is: always working with integrity, positive impact, continuous commitment, setting out our aspirations, and working with others (Unilever). To promote all of these values, Unilever UK should utilize a widespread campaign to garner public support. This should include traditional and nontraditional media. Also, Unilever UK should ensure the support of the government, influential individuals, investors, employees, and the media. Some specific objectives of the campaign should be increasing the positive public opinion of Unilever UK, to be determined through non-invasive surveys and scouring opinions on the Internet. If an instance of a negative public image of Unilever UK comes about, Unilever UK should respond with a reasonable out showing of goodwill, addressing the problem directly, on as personal a level as possible, and positively. Another of Unilever UK’s objectives for 2011 should be to establish a personal relationship and dialogue with as many players in the UK marketplace as possible. This means Unilever UK must establish itself as an available resource on social media, as well as

Benefits of Tumeric Research Study

Benefits of Tumeric Research Study Results of the study revealed that Turmeric was indeed effective.The t-test results show that t Stat is larger, (6.219209872) than t Critical, (2.262157) this is a significant difference and demonstrates we are 95% sure of pain reduction in using Turmeric. (statistical-significance, 2014) Outlining the response to treatment with turmeric, the first seminal paper was published in 1949 in Nature and it discussed the effects of turmeric on the human body and different diseases, turmeric contains curcumin.It has displayed good therapeutic potential against a number of human diseases. The common points coming out of the study revealed good safety, tolerability, and non-toxicity, with doses up to 8 g per day. Poor bioavailability and limited adverse effects reported by some investigators are a major limitation to the therapeutic utility of curcumin. (Subash, Gupta, Sridevi Patchva, Bharat, 2012)Using black pepper containing piperine added to curcumin increases its bioavailability by 2000%, using the same amount of curcumin.   (turmeric-bioavailability, 2016) Comparing the results to other research, there were six clinical trials consisting of a total of 377 patients, comparing the use of curcumin to placebo in patients with depression.From the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, there was a score of 95% confidence interval and significant anti-anxiety effects were reported in 3 of the trials, there were no adverse events reported.There was limited evidence on long-term efficacy and safety of curcumin as the duration of all available studies ranged from 4 to 8 weeks. Curcumin appears to be well-tolerated and safe, it provided the expected results among depressed patients. Planned larger duration controlled trials and larger sample sizes are required with follow-up studies. (Ng , Koh, Chan, Ho, 2017) Curcumin is the main active ingredient of turmeric, it has a yellow colour, the uses are for cooking along with being a remedy for treatment and prevention of inflammatory diseases, it displays strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities Inflammation, be it acute or chronic, plays a major factor in some of the following diseases, obesity progression, type II diabetes, arthritis, pancreatitis, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases and   certain types of cancer. Turmeric has a long history of use in Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. (Shehzad, Rehman, Lee, 2012) Dietary supplements for osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) require ingredients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. From a search of 16 clinical studies three supported the use of cats claw used alone or in a combination for osteoarthritis (OA). Two others for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with omega-3 fatty acids and supported. (Rosenbaum, OMathà ºna, Chavez, Shields, 2010) Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin for rheumatoid arthritis, turmeric rhizome has been used medicinally in China and India for thousands of years, the active ingredient is curcumin, which is available worldwide. Preclinical studies point to mechanisms of action that are predominantly anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic, (acting to prevent, inhibit or stop the development of a tumour). Early human clinical trials demonstrated beneficial effects for dyspepsia, peptic ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, uveitis, orbital pseudotumor, (swelling of tissue behind the eye in an area called the orbit) and pancreatic cancer. Curcumin is well-tolerated; the most common side effects are nausea and diarrhoea. (Asher Spelman , 2013)Recent studies confirm curcumins low bioavailability, this has been known for some time, by pairing with black pepper which contains piperine, bioavailability is increased by 2000%. (turmeric-bioavailability, 2016) The significance of turmeric as a treatment approach. In a study titled, A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin patients with rheumatoid arthritis, forty-five patients were selected at random into three groups, group 1 patients receiving curcumin (500 mg), group 2 taking diclofenac sodium (50à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °mg) and group 3 taking the combination. The primary study endpoints were a reduction in Disease Activity Score (DAS) 28, the secondary endpoints included American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for reduction in tenderness and swelling of joint scores. The researchers found all three treatment groups showed statistically significant changes in their DAS scores, the curcumin only group showed the highest percentage of improvement in overall DAS and ACR scores. More importantly, curcumin treatment was found to be safe and did not relate with any adverse events. (Sayer, 2013) Two possible research issues, one being to run trials with piperine added to the turmeric and measure results with piperine vs without piperine. The second issue would be to see is what effect the added piperine has on adverse effects. References Asher, G. N., Spelman , K. (2013, March). pubmed/23594449. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23594449 Ng , Q. X., Koh, S. S., Chan, H. W., Ho, C. Y. (2017, February 21). pubmed/28236605. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28236605 Rosenbaum, C. C., OMathà ºna, D. P., Chavez, M., Shields, K. (2010, April 2016). 20232616. Retrieved from pubmed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20232616 Sayer, J. (2013, December 26). turmeric-extract-found-superior-blockbuster-drug-rheumatoid-arthritis. Retrieved from https://www.greenmedinfo.com Shehzad, A., Rehman, G., Lee, Y. S. (2012, December 22). pubmed/23281076. Retrieved from pubmed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23281076 statistical-significance. (2014, April 1). Retrieved from iwh.on.ca: https://www.iwh.on.ca/wrmb/statistical-significance Subash, C., Gupta, Sridevi Patchva, Bharat, B. (2012, November 12). articles/PMC3535097. Retrieved from ncbi.nlm.nih.gov: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3535097/ turmeric-bioavailability. (2016, January 1). Retrieved from dailyhealthpost.com: https://dailyhealthpost.com/improve-turmeric-bioavailability/ turmericforhealth.com. (2013, September 14). Retrieved from health-benefits-of-black-pepper-and-turmeric: http://www.turmericforhealth.com/turmeric-benefits/health-benefits-of-black-pepper-and-turmeric

Faith in Fear and Trembling by Kierkegaard Essay -- Faith Literary Ana

Kierkegaard believes that true faith can only be attained through a double movement of giving up rationality or logic, while at the same time believing one can understand logically. In â€Å"Fear and Trembling† Kierkegaard relates true faith to the Knight of infinite resignation and the Knight of faith; in this paper, I will examine this claim and show why Kierkegaard’s analogy is an excellent metaphor for the double movement which is required in one’s quest to attain faith and why. Kierkegaard’s position on faith is represented with the Knight of infinite resignation and the Knight of faith. The Knight of faith is regarded as the one who believes in that which is absurd. For, he is the knight that is able to believe in the things that are paradoxical. The Knight of faith is aware of the contradiction that occurs and rationally understands it, but believes despite this. Kierkegaard gives a description of this after relating the knight to one in love with a princess he will never have the chance to be with. He describes the knight in this situation claiming, â€Å"I nevertheless believe that I shall get her, namely on the strength of the absurd, on the strength of the face that for God all things are possible† (75). Kierkegaard gives insight into this knight by stating that, â€Å"On this Knight of faith is just as clear: all that can save him is the absurd: and this he grasps by faith. Accordingly he admits the impossibility and at the same time a ccepts the absurd† (76). The other knight Kierkegaard refers to is the Knight of infinite resignation. This is the knight who works within reason and is able to recognize the contradiction or logical impossibility when faced with a situation; such as the situation where Abraham is commanded by God t... ...at Kierkegaard expresses his honest feelings by stating, â€Å"but I do not have faith; this courage I lack† (63). Kierkegaard makes a valid point by stating that a leap of faith requires a double movement. Believing something is not possible before believing it is possible. Faith is not just something that comes and goes for some people. Attaining faith requires a growth through certain stages, the first one being accepting that something cannot and will not be. The two knights that Kierkegaard describes is one the most excellent metaphors to describe the stages a person must go through to make a true leap of faith. Works Cited Huxley, T.H. â€Å"Agnosticism.† Introduction to Philosophy of Religion. Ed. James Kellenger. Pearson, 2007. 144-150. Kierkegaard, Sà ¸ren, and Alastair Hannay. Fear and Trembling. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1985. Print.