Automatic Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay

Programmed Flight Control Systems Engineering Essay We face a daily reality such that innovation is, if not being improved, created continuously. Regular new enhancements, innovations and revelations are made. One industry that is consistently on the lead with regards to new developments and advancements is the Aviation Industry. Throughout the years, airplanes have been confronting significant enhancements for the structure, eco-friendliness, life-length, scope of flight. In any case, perhaps the best improvement that have been done on each airplane (business) that had the greatest effect in the Aviation Industry and most presumably the primary motivation behind why the business has been blasting up is the enhancements done in the Avionics area, explicitly the Automatic Flight Controls. First and foremost, Pilots were prepared to fly the airplanes alone. In any case, following quite a while, it is currently the pilots programming the PC, disclosing to it where to fly, at what height, and so on. This PC is the AFCS (Automatic Flight C ontrol System). In today’s present day universe of flying, it is the AFCS who is in fact flying the airplane, from cruising to landing, and for some until stopping. The AFCS has a great deal of points of interest when contrasted with human pilots with regards to flying. Here are some of them: The AFCS can defeat lacks with regards to soundness and control. The AFCS improved the taking care of characteristics. For example, when the velocity or the elevation of the airplane should be consistent. The AFCS is progressively exact and thus can do a few errands that the pilot can't do. * Source: Emirates Aviation College’s Automatic Flight Control Systems Book (Chapter 3.1.3) To improve comprehension of the AFCS, its various pieces will be talked about, for example, the Autopilot System, Flight Director System, Auto Throttle System and so forth. The data about the AFCS will be founded on one of Boeing’s exemplary airplanes, the 737-500. FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FMS) T he Flight Management System is route, consolidated flight control, a Built-In Test Equipment (BITE) and a direction framework. The FMS gives control and activity of five autonomous subsystems to give sidelong route (LNAV) and vertical route (VNAV) for execution the board and ideal flight profiles. The Flight Management System isn't marked to any control board or any single segment as it is a coordination of five autonomous subsystems. These subsystems are: Digital Flight Control System (DFCS) Inertial Reference System (IRS) Autothrottle Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS) Flight Management Computer System (FMCS) * Source: United Airlines’ Boeing 737-322/522 (page 6, Chapter 22-2, Oct ’99) from Emirates Aviation College Library This framework was intended to build eco-friendliness, wellbeing and diminishing remaining task at hand. For the two pilots, this implies they can choose full FMS activity or Autopilot Flight Director System (AFDS) for a total programmed f light. They can even utilize the Control Display Units (CDU) to give, for manual flight, reference data. The executives and activity is absolutely heavily influenced by the flight group. There are just sure tasks that must be executed by the flight team. They are: landing rollout controlling, push inversion, speed brake activity, height choice, landing apparatus and fold activity, instrument landing framework (ILS) tuning, push commencement, brake discharge, plane turn and directing during departure roll.

Importance of Mental Toughness in Sport

Killing of the Buddha Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 187

Executing of the Buddha - Essay Example The Koan ought not be taken since executing conflicts with Buddhist lessons. Rather, the koan advocates for self-cross examination with a point of getting lucidity perspectives that advances the improvement of one’s self. In the Koan â€Å"finding the Buddha† represents a stroll on the way of edification. The procedure can be deciphered to incorporate our way or the course that an individual takes throughout his life. The â€Å"Buddha† that we should speak to an admired individual flawlessness that we have about ourselves. The Buddha speaks to us just as our projection to the outside world. The Buddha comprises of our origination of outright edification (McGee, 2015). The â€Å"Killing of the Buddha† implies that people are frequently off-base in the origination of themselves. The Koan directs that it is functional and reachable for a person to isolate himself from the misguided judgment of himself through contemplation. In the event that an individual acc epts that he has otherworldly illumination, at that point the individual must dispose of the discernment and think. Through contemplation, the illumination has no changelessness, and everything continues evolving. The Koan instructs us that on the off chance that we see ourselves as having all arrangements, at that point such an observation must be maintained a strategic distance from, and we should address such answers for show signs of improvement arrangements. By following the Koan and continually reflecting, at that point one makes a learning procedure and continues edifying. Such a procedure fortifies the excursion to being finished. At last, one discovers that the person is a hidden Buddha (McGee, 2015).

The Phillipines Essays - Maritime Southeast Asia, Philippines

The Phillipines In the course of recent years, the Philippines' economy has experienced a striking change. In the late 80's and mid 90's the Philippines were left with poor political initiative, monetary development, and moderate paced financial turn of events. Today it is perceived all inclusive that the Filipino economy has turned around to create a positive development. Perhaps the greatest achievement has been the GNP development rate ascend from zero in the mid nineties to somewhere in the range of 5% and 6% today. The present president, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, is following the solid pace set by previous president. Under the Ramos organization, significant advances were taken towards monetary progression. These means incorporated the opening of banks and broadcast communications parts, and the changing of venture laws, which made a progressively appealing business collusion and more grounded business associations with the United States. In light of these occasions, the United States stays to be the main exchanging accomplice of the Philippines, and they are among the United States top 25 exchanging accomplices. As indicated by President Estrada's discourse on January 8, 1999, on account of the activities of previous president Ramos our nation keeps on getting a charge out of positive development in spite of the emergency in Asia. In the locale a year ago, just Singapore and the Philippines posted positive development rates. A portion of the main considerations concerning the financial development during Ramos' term in office that Estrada means to keep on focusing on are outside relations, instruction, wellbeing, transportation, banking and exchanging. Present day training in the Philippines is turning into a significant issue in the development and adjustment of the nation's economy. During the most recent fifty years, instruction has become a significant worry for this nation, and it has as of late been made all the more promptly accessible through development. In spite of this extension, the nature of training was as yet unacceptable and stays a worry today. One issue confronting the training framework was a 30% contrast in the proficiency level among country and urban regions. Likewise, all families beneath the destitution line couldn't bear to teach their youngsters past primary school. These and different issues like poor educator execution, packed homerooms, absence of language aptitudes and low wages could profit by new projects planned for improving work efficiency and family pay. In 1990, more than 10,000 outside understudies concentrated in the Philippines, most of which were American. Up to this point, the majority of the understudies going to these schools must be instructed in three dialects; English, Filipino and Spanish. Presently the schools principally center around Filipino, which will alleviate a lot of weight on understudies and personnel, and advance quicker advancement later on. Another discussion saw by numerous American understudies was the way that numerous training strategies were fluctuating continually, and were probably going to be changed before instructors got used to them. The most significant worry of the instruction framework in the Philippines is the quantity of understudies who really complete school, and are then incapable to get a new line of work that they were not terribly overqualified for. These prepared staff could encourage monetary turn of events if appropriately used, which is the reason the Department of Education, Cultur e, and Sports is attempting to grow better compulsory arrangements for and closer direct management for its schools. The workforce of the Philippine individuals is horrible. Insufficient employments are accessible for the individuals, and the ones that are low paying and long working. More than 40 % of the workforce were under 15 years old in 1990. Horticulture involves 45 percent of the present workforce, which is a lot of lower than it had been previously. In the most recent decade, the administration division (business, money, transportation, and a large group of private and open administrations) turned into the lingering manager, representing right around 40 percent of the workforce. A significant issue with the workforce is the joblessness rate. The joblessness rate is as of now 11.4 %. The most noticeably terrible part about this is most of the jobless is youthful, unpracticed individuals who were generally knowledgeable. Since the absence of openings for work, the informed individuals get themselves jobless on the grounds that everybody is battling for the higher employments. Another significant angle that helps direct the financial development of a nation is wellbeing. In the Philippines the battle against sickness has been expanding throughout the years. Future rose

Is The Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Essays -- essays resea

Is the Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Most criminologist utilize two wellsprings of criminal equity information in the US: the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Exploitation Surveys (NCVS). The URC information is produced using law implementation offices and incorporate wrongdoing episodes answered to or got by the police. NCVS information is gotten from an extremely mind boggling national study of an example of homes what's more, give data about wrongdoing episodes and casualties for both revealed and unreported wrongdoings, barring murder. For my report I acquired research data from polls and from a few reading material. I gave the poll concerning inclination in the criminal equity framework to four whites, four blacks, one Asia, and one Mexican. In spite of the fact that this example isn't delegate of racial perspectives as a rule, it can used to build up a superior feeling of contrasts among understudies.      To talk about my discoveries completely I should characterize a couple of terms. The Criminal Equity System is the system of offices that react to wrongdoing, including the police, courts, correctional facilities, and detainment facilities. Minority Group is a gathering of individuals who, due to physical or social qualities, are singled out for differential and unique and who view them as objects of group separation. Segregation is the demonstration of singling out for out of line treatment. Naming is generalizing, or putting a tag on somebody, and treating them as needs be. Self-fulling Prophecy is an assumption regarding how things will be the circumstances that they anticipated or anticipated. At last, Differential Affiliation is the possibility that collaborating with others learns criminal conduct.      It is no mystery whites and blacks in America experience life in an unexpected way on account of their race. In this manner, whites and blacks see the criminal equity framework in an unexpected way. My examination discovered 70% of those contemplated concur the courts do not offer equivalent treatment. Albeit both concur that the framework is one-sided, whites appear to have an increasingly positive view about the entire framework, while Blacks feel the framework is degenerate and neutralizes' them. half of my non-white example what's more, 20% of my white example felt the courts separate. James Henslin, creator of the content Social Problems, states "[Violent crime] subsides with salary ... individuals with higher salaries live in better, progressively prosperous and less viole... ...that keep on target poor minorities.      My results showed that there was contrasts in the manner dark and white understudies in American culture see the criminal equity framework. Since race can be contrasted with SES non-whites have a progressively negative perspective on how frequently police separate. Then again whites are not uninformed to the negative police separation non-whites face; all things considered they feel it happens a lot short of what it really does, or never. Comparable, in the courts, more non- whites feel their is separation. My response to this could be that non-whites are being indicted, going to prison and getting capital punishment, while white are the ones suing, and are not getting indicted for violations when they are captured. While we as a whole concur the criminal equity framework is degenerate, my examinations show, whites and blacks can't help contradicting the degree to which it occurs. This is an clear outcome since blacks and whites are in two separate good networks. Blacks have been contrarily named, and trashed as lower class residents who cause inconvenience. Inturn they have been the casualty of enactment that keeps them in the inauspicious status they are in.

Choosing a Research Writing Service

Choosing a Research Writing ServiceChoosing a research writing service is like choosing a personal assistant to do your work for you. When it comes to conducting research, the writer you choose to do your research is the one who will be in charge of your research and will be responsible for all the hard work and expense involved.Choosing a research writing service can be very costly, as this is a type of service that is usually outsourced by a larger company. However, if the research you need is done properly, it can be free and fast. Also, your service provider should have various other skills to help your research project with as well.The writing service may have a bachelor's degree or a business degree. If you know the type of work the writing service does, ask the writer about his education. This is one way to ensure that your writer is well educated on the subject matter of your research.A writing service will provide you with the latest in research writing. This means that thei r writers are up to date with current trends and developments. An experienced writer will also have the knowledge and experience to compile data, update databases, and refer to industry professionals. A good research writing service will have the necessary resources to gather data and information from various sources.One of the best ways to assess the reliability of a writing service is by asking them about their educational background and credentials. Do not forget to inquire about the companies they belong to, because in most cases, that will give you an idea of the type of work they produce. In addition, you will be able to determine whether the writer you are hiring is the same as the one who wrote the research document you want to use in your project.You should look at the types of research papers from a writing service can write. Your choice of services may depend on the subject of your research paper. You may want to choose a research writing service to do a report about a ce rtain disease, whereas another writer may be able to do the same research on sports. A writing service may also be able to write for academic, medical, scientific, or business magazines.Research writing is a competitive field in which there are many writers competing for work. A good service will choose the best writers to write on your project. They may choose inexperienced writers or very well-experienced ones depending on your needs.Using a research writing service can be a great asset when it comes to researching a particular subject. If you choose a reputable writer, you can rest assured that your project will be completed in time. Choosing a writing service will make your project more effective.

Ownership And Control Of Wh Smith Plc Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Introduction to WH Smith PLC. WH Smith PLC is a UK company recognised as a newspaper, periodical and book retailer currently standing as an Ultimate Owner. Historically owned, WH Smith was established in 1792 as an Ltd, originally family owned and passed down until the last family member owned all ordinary shares and considered the major shareholder. WH Smith emerged as a PLC where its shares were sold to the public. Eventually, the Smith familys control faded resulting in the last family member leaving the board in 1996. (WH Smith PLC, 2010) 1b.) Classical Objective WH Smith is a corporate business encountered in fulfilling market share and current earnings (profit) all in which revolve around the interests of its owners (shareholders). Shareholders control the corporations direction and policies (electing Board of Directors), who in turn select top management whom serve as corporate officers and manage the operations of the firm in the best interest of shareholders. (Damodaran, 2006) Corporate financial theory determines stock price maximisation as the classical objective in decision making. (Damodaran, 2006: p. 11) Once shares are traded and markets are viewed as efficient, the narrowed objective is to maximise shareholder wealth for which translates through the maximisation of share price. Share prices are accessible and observable for judging the performance of a PLC and constantly reflecting company performance. If stock price maximisation is to be a dominant objective, assumptions are made that managers are in fact responsive to the owne rs of the firm. (Damodaran, 2006) WH Smith shareholders In the UK shareholders typically have ultimate firm control through hiring and firing the board of directors. (Hillier et al, 2010) WH Smith has a diverse shareholder base consisting of no individual/institution controlling the corporation. (Mallin, 2010) The company measures as an independent company ranked as A+ whereby no shareholder exceeds 25% of total ownership. WH Smith gains independence as 75.1% of its shareholders are known making it impossible for unknown shareholders to own 25.1%+. (Fame, 2011) To examine the ownership and control WH Smith pursues, this assignment will focus on the known 95 shareholders identified on Fame whom together hold over 75.1% of shares. This assignment will predominately examine the top 10 of the 95 shareholders. (See table 1) Not only do the top 10 shareholders hold fairly high stakes in the company; the top 6 in particular own a total of 52.9%. This indicates more than half of ownership and control is held by the selected majority. The maj ority are defined as, a group of shareholders who collectively control more than 50% of a corporations outstanding shares. (Besley et al, 2008) The majority top 10 is also illustrated on pie chart (1) where it shows the ownership range from 10.51% to 4.99%. Critically, ownership dispersion can result in powerless shareholders as no individual among them has any appreciable voting power or control. (Leech, 2002) If ownership is too dispersed amongst a high number of small shareholders, a downgrade in corporate governance is evident as little incentive is invested in examining the boards actions. Large shareholders are likely to have more power to monitor management activity thus strengthening corporate governance. (Kostyuk et al, N. D) Since WH Smiths top 10 shareholders are large associates with concentrated power, the company has strong corporate governance since larger stakes encourage better monitoring to ensure shareholder interests are served. WH Smith represents a variety o f foreign shareholders in which may also affect monitoring corporate governance. Fame demonstrates WH Smith is involved with over 10 different countries for which can create problems. (European Central bank, 2008) Foreign companies must comply with the differing regulations on accounting standards, disclosure and transparency and inevitably, with the norms of that countries corporate governance. (Economist, 2001) However, the chosen 10 only consist of shareholders from GB, US and FR. (Fame, 2011) Fortunately GB holds a dominant representation amongst the top 10 thus monitoring is less of an issue. Top 10 WH Smith Shareholders (Table 1) Shareholder Name Country Type Ownership (%) Standard Life PLC GB A 10.51 Affiliated Managers Group US F 10.01 Artemis Strategic Asset Management Limited GB E 9.69 Lloyds Banking Group PLC GB B 9.41 AXA FR A 6.96 Blackrock, Inc. US F 6.32 Total shareholder rate above 50%: 52.9 JP Morgan Chase Co US B 5.75 AXA Financial SA N.A. F 5.48 Jupiter Fund Management PLC GB E 5.31 Employee Share Scheme Trustees N.A. E 4.99 Total shareholder rate:   74.43 A: Insurance Company F: Financial Company E: Mutual Pension Fund/Nominee/Trust/Trustee B: Bank Pie Chart (1) showing the level of ownership amongst Top 10 Shareholders at WH Smith Pie Chart (2) showing the level of ownership in relation to type of Shareholding Company Conflicts of interest and Agency Costs 3a.) Conflicts of interest between Shareholders (Majority Vs Minority) WH Smith is considered a large organisation consisting of various shareholders (individual and institutional) each likely to possess a diverse range of ownership interest. (Damodaran, 2006) Institutional shareholders hold a dominate position amongst the majority as they hold higher stakes in the company thus overpowering the considered minority in decision-making. (Mallin, 2010) Since the majority own 50%+ of equity stake, many companies are controlled by few large top shareholders (WH Smith top 6 shareholders) that generate a powerful voting block where the majority cast votes and control the appointment of directors. (Leech, 2002) Consequently, WH Smith had experienced a critical period during 2004-2005, where management performance was criticised. A specific conflict emerged due to irrational incentive payments proposed by the remuneration committee. One in three WH Smith shareholders rebelled against the boardrooms pay policies by either opposing or abstaining from a vote to approve its remuneration report. (Independent, 2004) Since some shareholders disproved the pay plan, others supported it resulting in a conflict of interest between shareholder views towards fair compensated operations. Around 100 million shareholders backed the groups pay plan, but 34 million voted against it and a further 17 million abstained. (Independent, 2004) With the risk of insufficient voting from all shareholders, WH Smith was exploited to weak corporate governance. Conflicts of interest may arise amongst shareholder companies. Insurance companies and banks often vote with management due to potential business interlinks they wish to pursue. Nonetheless, mutual and pension funds contrast with management as internal benefits are less evident. (Eakins, 1993) Academics argue shareholders tend to follow the Wall Street rule and either vote with managers or sell their stock when policy disagreements occur. (Eakins, 1993) In relation to WH Smith, pie chart (2) illustrates 54% of the top 10 shareholders are insurance and financial companies (including banks) indicating a large % vote alongside managers, whereas mutual and pension funds make up 20%. Such distinctive shareholder interest can generate conflicts of interests throughout board voting. Further potential conflicts are between pension funds themselves. Public funds primary goal is to avoid poor performance, while private funds try to achieve superior performance a fine but very important distinction. (Monks et al, 2008: p 149) Since mutual and pension funds hold the least percentage (20%) in the top 10, the risk of this differing interest is unlikely, particularly since most pension funds are not present in the top 6 of the majority holding 50%+. Therefore their level of ownership and control is minor. 3b.) Conflict of interest between shareholders and Managers Although shareholders are ultimate owners of the company, the day-to-day operations of the business are delegated to the board of directors and managers thus creating an agency relationship. (Hiller et al, 2010) Collectively, shareholders are regarded as outsiders and no one shareholder has the power to influence or control the firm. In effect, the principle hires agents to control and base decision making around shareholder interests. Focussed on maximising stock price and shareholder wealth, corporate finance exposes itself to risks where the possibility of conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers arises for which may obstruct the firms classical objective. Managers interests are known to revolve around job security and firm growth for which allows greater control, corporate power and higher salaries. (Band, 1992) Conversely, shareholders aim to maximise profits through share prices, for which in turn maximises their wealth. (Damodaran, 2006) The separation in owne rship control can create problems known as Agency costs. (Mallin, 2010) Firms incur agency costs to reduce conflict of interest between principle and agent. (Baker et al, 2005) Theoretically, shareholders are assumed to have the power to discipline and replace individuals in management level who do not achieve shareholder interests. (Damodaran, 2006) This is known as a proxy fight (Hillier et al, 2010). In relation to WH Smith, such power is exercised through their Annual General Meeting (AGM) whereby shareholders assess, evaluate and monitor management performance. A further mechanism is through the board of directors whose duties are to ensure managers serve shareholder interests and achieve the corporations classic objective. In return the board is kept informed of the views and concerns of major shareholders for any decisions made on election/re-election. (WH Smith, 2010) WH Smith presented a rapid decrease in share prices during 2004 to late 2005 straining shareholder wea lth and reduced the value of the firm. It can be assumed the various conflict of interests proposed in this assignment were provoked throughout this period. Coincidently, a change of management was also reported whereby former board member Richard Handover (whom was Chief Executive Officer since 1997) was appointed to take over Martin Taylors position as Chairman as the latter retired due to ill-health. Assumingly, this replacement enforced a positive impact on share price as figures on graph (1) show an increase from 290.03 to 366.00 for which inconsistently improved until late 2008. In relation to the classical objective on share price maximisation, the best-case scenario of a conflict free corporation is when managers of a firm put aside personal interests and instead maximise shareholder interest. (Damodaran, 2006) Since shareholders consign their interests to managers, they expect positive results. Theoretically, this commitment may occur due to the intimidated nature sharehold ers uphold since they have control to replace management if unimpressed. (Damodaran, 2006) For example, in 2003, the previous Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of WH Smith was sacked within the weeks after a disappointing Christmas performance (BBC News, 2004) to fulfil shareholder interest. Statements clarified that there has been strong shareholder criticism of executive performance. (BBC News, 2004) Astonishingly, the newly appointed Handover was referred for re-election as statements verified Mr Handover has come under fire for disappointing trading as votes were adamant for an earlier leave. (Telegraph, 2004) Since the Chairman ensures the interests of shareholders are actively met, one can assume the fluctuated share price performance may be due to a disappointing effort in serving shareholder interest. Furthermore, directors do not necessarily spend productive time on their fiduciary duties; mainly due to other commitments served in different corporate boards. (Damodaran, 2006 ) For example, Handover was also Chairman of the Remuneration committee at Royal Mail PLC group. (Bloomberg, 2011) Moreover, studies found that many directors hold small equity stakes in their corporations. Therefore, many find it difficult to empathise with the dilemma of shareholders when share prices decrease. (Damodaran, 2006) Managements ownership of shares is predicted to positively affect firm value (Band, 1992) as its assumed they will be motivated to increase share value. Unfortunately, WH Smith fails to follow this since its current Chairman Robert Walker holds only 0.02% of ownership whereas CEO Kate Swann holds even less. In fact, some argue, although the CEO was given 141,000 shares once joined, she had not spent any of her own cash on buying shares. So she has no faith in the company? (Independent, 2004) Additionally, WH Smith sales were reported as unacceptable during its critical period as the company revealed exceptional operational costs for which strained the f irms profit. Swann clarified the companys cost base was to be materially reduced. (BBC News, 2004). Corporate theorists suggest the board of directors are the insider body that represent the authentic owners and who should ensure all operations within the business are carried out in the best interests of shareholders. As such, shareholders do not appreciate excessive corporate expenditure (Hillier, 2010) especially if resulting in share price reduction. WH Smith managers acted towards their own desires by strengthening management levels and improving store image (BBC News, 2004) resulting in decisions that made managers better off at the expense of shareholders presenting a direct from of agency cost. (Damodaran, 2006) Although graph (1) entails a fluctuated performance it also illustrates an improved increase through its variations since share prices increased from 366.00 in 2005 to 448.20 in early 2009. In 2004 the CEO was typically appointed through the standard procedure of t he UKs corporate governance whereby the majority casted votes and appealed Swann as WH Smiths next potential. Being CEO for 8 years, Kate Swann has won plenty of fans amongst shareholders (This is money, 2010). The CEO is the most senior manager and in ultimate control of the day-to-day business operations. Since this position plays a crucial role, Swann is evidently targeting shareholder interests whilst reducing conflict between shareholder and management. 3c.) Minimising conflict of interest Since potential conflicts can arise, shareholders often issue incentives to encourage management to act on their best interest. One way to minimise conflict of interest is through managerial compensation (Hillier, 2010) in particular, cash bonuses. In 2010 the company increased both executive cash bonuses under the Annual bonus plan. The CEO is given the chance to earn an additional 200% of the basic salary and the Financial Director 130%. (WH Smith, 2010) This shows a balanced incentive for managers to principally keep shareholder interest in mind. In turn, an effective remuneration committee (non-executives) are able to conquer payment packages (base and bonus) to align performance level better with the interests of shareholders. As a result, managerial compensation will remain efficient in the long run, motivating managers to maintain positive performance in order to maximise total salary whilst minimising conflict of interest. To assess the extent pay incentives work in alig ning management performance with shareholder interest, an accurate analysis is measured through the Total Shareholder Return (TSR) rather than dividends per share and capital gain since TSR measures shareholder wealth. Since WH Smith consists of only 2 executives, I looked at CEO and Finance Director Base and total (Base + Bonus) remuneration % change against the companys TSR. TSR % = (Stock price end of period Stock price start of period) + Dividends per share Stock price start of period WHSmith PLC TSR Date Close Open Dividends 31/08/2010 407.60 405.00 19.4 01/09/2009 438.70 448.20  28/08/2009 441.10 447.50 16.7 01/09/2008 391.25 380.50  29/08/2008 385.00 378.50 14.3 03/09/2007 410.00 406.20  31/08/2007 409.50 403.50 11.8 01/09/2006 367.50 350.00  31/08/2006 340.00 345.71 9.3 01/09/2005 366.50 369.00  31/08/2005 369.00 366.00 13.7 02/01/2004 245.00 215.00  Date TSR 2004-2005 78% 2005-2006 -5.34% 2006-2007 20.4% 2007-2008 -1.7% 2008-2009 20.32% 2009-2010 -4.73% Graph (2) illustrates a correlation between share price and TSR indicating that as share price drops, shareholder wealth is also at risk. For example, as WH Smiths share price decreased during early 2005/06, this reflected in TSR. The fluctuations presented on graph (1) also correlate with the variations in TSR thus supporting the concept that managerial decisions can have an effect on shareholder wealth. Managerial compensation is frequently connected to financial performance. Thus it is interesting to see if pay incentives propose an influence on managerial performance. Monitoring what management does is a major practice in reducing conflict. Graphs (3-6) illustrate the % change in base and total salary in relation to TSR amongst both executives. However, pay adjustments will not be made until after the previous years performance is known. Thus for an accurate representation for the related correlation between salary and TSR I decided to also show an adjustment for both execut ives base and total remuneration by TSR year n+1. (See graph 4 and 6) Therefore, a decent correlation between TSR and executives is noticeable. In particular, the total remuneration illustrates a clearer correlation and this shall be explained in more detail below. (See graph 5 and 6 for year n+1) In 2007/08 graph (6) shows a fall in TSR along with the CEOs total remuneration. This indicates that as shareholder wealth decreases, CEO is punished since her bonus decreased. In fact, in 2008 her total salary was reduced from  £1,453,000 to  £1,421,000. (WH Smith PLC, 2010) As TSR increased again in 2008/09, CEO total salary dropped even further. One can assume the inconsistent fluctuations over time may have provoked shareholders to decrease CEO compensation since a stable increase is not maintained. On the other hand, in 2008/09, graph (6) illustrates a rapid fall in total Finance Directors pay. Explaining this drop, in 2008 Alan Stewart was replaced by Robert Moorhead whom is t he current Finance director of WH Smith. One can assume that Moorheads level of experience may not have been as advance resulting in total salary reduction until earned. Nonetheless, as TSR rose in 2009, the Financial Directors total remuneration also showed a positive correlation. Graph (7) illustrates a sincere overall correlation of both executives combined to demonstrate the relationship of base and total when compared against TSR year n+1 presenting an accurate correlation. Despite the fall in managerial performance during 2005/06, WH smith has successfully improved the quality of its remuneration as both, total and base indicate a positive alignment with TSR. As TSR decreased in 2007/08 both Base and Total remuneration fell in 2008/09. Once TSR picked up again in 2008/09, Base and Total also increased the year after in 2009/10. Not only does this indicate that managerial compensation positively reflects financial performance, it also signifies that WH Smith has managed to a lign managerial performance along with shareholder interests thus minimising agency problem. However, in 2005 the company experienced turbulence in its remuneration scheme since a slight agency cost is demonstrated particularly for total remuneration. As mentioned, a large number of shareholders criticised the companys pay plan during 2004/05. One can assume the majority whom voted for better remuneration were successful since the agency cost used, resulted in a better performance in the remuneration committee for the following years. The remuneration committee are principally responsible over managerial salary. They have shareholder interest at heart and have conquered an effective strategy in controlling managerial performance as they are able to punish if interests are not met and reward when owners are satisfied with management targets. Nonetheless, if the remuneration committee are not using pay effectively to attain positive performance, shareholders have the power and cont rol to dismiss the committee and elect members whom target shareholder interest. Overall, managers who are successful in pursuing shareholder interests will be in greater demand within the labour market and thus receive higher salaries. Balance of power Shareholders Managers In conclusion, the balance of power at WH Smith lies with shareholders since they uphold the major control of hiring and firing board members whom fail to fulfil their interests. The remuneration committee are a suitable example in serving shareholder interest as managerial compensation is determined accurately on the basis of performance. However, the various conflicts of interest proposed indicate that shareholders lack the full control specified in theory. In practice, managers exerted control over shareholders as they incurred exceptional direct agency costs. This left shareholders at the expense of managers indicating an agency problem. Overall, WH Smith practices the UK Combined Code of corporate finance as managerial positions are segregated ensuring no individual has excessive power over shareholders. Todays corporate governance consists of smaller boards as WH Smith shows with 2 executives and 5 non-executives. A study on corporate governance found the average board has a five to one ratio of independents to non-independents. (Hembrock, 2010) Since WH Smith have a small ratio of executives compared to non-executives the risk of management empowering is unlikely. Financial Market Theoretically, financial markets are regarded as efficient as managers are assumed to convey information honestly and truthfully. In turn, financial markets judge the true value of the corporation, in this case through share price. Not only does WH Smith present general company information available on sources such as FTSE, Fame, annual reports and other financial databases to measure performance, its visibility slightly increased during its critical period when the companys corporate governance performance was announced through online newspaper articles (media) in 2004/05. To some extent WH Smith constitutes efficiently as its available bad news correlates with the affairs taken place during that period. However, an organisation that responds quickly to a bad situation Can culminate very quickly into a bad storm of press. (Ipranet, 2010) There is no guarantee that free available information constitutes to an efficient financial market since managers are able to control the informa tion by delaying the release of bad news. Although WH Smiths severe fall was in 2004, its first signs of share price reduction happened in 2001. The available information presenting 3 years of critical performance was only just announced in 2004/05 when share prices increased. If bad news was constantly announced during 2001-2005 the companys reputation would be severely damaged whilst jeopardising its financial implications in the long-term. Although WH Smith was reluctant to bad press in the past, today the company has managed to redeem itself and reduce its level of visibility in which encourages better performance by managers in the long-run. (Damodaran, 2006) References Baker, H. K Powell, G. E. 2005: Understanding financial management: A practical guide. UK: Blackwell Publishing. Band, D. 1992: Corporate governance: Why agency theory is not enough. European management journal, 10: pp. 453-459. BBC News (14/10/2004) WH Smith plunges into the red. Available online at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3741684.stm (Assessed: 08/03/11) BBC News (19/04/2004) Rapid evolution needed at WH Smith. Available online at: https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3639767.stm (Assessed: 10/03/11) Besley, S. Brigham, E. F. 2008: Essentials of managerial finance. US: Alex Von Rosenberg. Bloomberg Business week (2011): Richard Handover CBE. Available online at: https://investing.businessweek.com/businessweek/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=1227375ticker=AXN:USpreviousCapId=670064previousTitle=Lloyds%20Banking%20Group%20plc (Assessed: 12/03/11) Damodaran A. (2006): Applied Corporate Finance: A Users Manual. New York: John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Eakins, S. 1993: Institutional Investor Support of Managers: An Investigation of Tender Offers. Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 32: pp. 75-84. Economist (03/05/2001): The spread of share ownership will affect company management too. Available online at: https://www.economist.com/node/594359?story_id=E1_VJQPVJ (Accessed 26/03/11) European Central Bank (2008): Cross-border Bank mergers and acquisitions and institutional investors. Available online at: www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/other/pp67-80_mb200810en.pdf (Assessed: 18/03/11) Fame (05/03/2011): WH Smith PLC. Available online at: https://fame2.bvdep.com.ezproxy.lib.le.ac.uk/version-201138/Report.serv?seqnr=0context=D1JK6C8P929OG7W_cid=57 (Assessed: 05/03/11) Gillette, A. B., Noe, T. H. Rebello, M. J. 2008: Board structures around the world: An experimental investigation. Review of finance. 12: pp. 93-140. Hembrock, J. (16/11/2010): How corporate governance changed from 1986 to 2010. Available online at: https://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/nov2010/ca2010118_316346.htm (Assessed: 28/03/11) Hillier D., Ross, S. A., Westerfield, R., Jaffe, J. Jor dan, B. 2010: Corporate Finance. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Independent (04/01/2003) Pension funds urged to oppose re-election of WH Smith chief. Available online at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/pension-funds-urged-to-oppose-reelection-of-wh-smith-chief-608954.html (Assessed: 12/03/11) Independent (30/01/2004): One-third of WH Smith investors revolt over pay. Available online at: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/onethird-of-wh-smith-investors-revolt-over-pay-574996.html (Assessed: 13/03/11) Kostyuk, A. N., Hecker, A., Fuss, R., Markham, P. L. Balachandran, B. (N. D) Shareholders and stakeholders. Available online at: https://www.virtusinterpress.org/additional_files/book_corp_govern/sample_chapter03.pdf (Assessed: 20/03/11) Leech, D. (2002) Shareholder voting power and ownership control of companies. pp: 2-42. Available online at: https://www.warwick.ac.uk/~ecrac/LeechHomoOec.pdf (Assessed: 07/03/11) Mallin, C 20 10: Corporate Governance. Oxford. Oxford University Press. Monks, R and Minow, N. 2008: Corporate Governance. West Sussex.: John Wiley Sons Ltd. Telegraph (30/06/2003) Taylor to join Handover at WH Smith exit. Available online at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2856404/Taylor-to-join-Handover-at-WH-Smith-exit.html (Assessed: 09/03/11) Telegraph (26/01/2004) WH Smith Chairman may step down early. Available online at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/2875079/WH-Smith-chairman-may-step-down-early.html (Assessed: 11/03/11) This is money (24/11/2004) New boss set for WH Smith challenge. Available online at: https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/news/article.html?in_article_id=395845in_page_id=2 (Assessed: 10/03/11) This is money (07/06/2010) How WH Smith became our least-favourite store. Available online at: https://www.thisismoney.co.uk/markets/article.html?in_article_id=505817in_page_id=3 (Assessed: 14/03/11) WH Smith PLC (2010): History of WH Smith. Avai lable online at: https://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/about_whsmith/history_of_whsmith/ (Assessed: 27/02/11) WH Smith PLC (2010): Annual report and accounts 2010. Available online at: https://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/docs/reports/WHS_AR_2010_Final1.pdf (Assessed: 25/02/11) WH Smith PLC (2011): Notice of WH Smith PLC: Annual general meeting. Available online at: https://www.whsmithplc.co.uk/docs/WHS_NOM_8pg_FAW_Final3%281%29.pdf (Assessed: 06/03/11)

Stepping Stone to Success - 1144 Words

Stepping-Stone to Success The lack of success is failure. Failure teaches us a lot. It reveals our weakness that must be overcome. It also guides and inspires us to put in more effort. It reveals the weakness of our planning, and it gives us strength to act more decisively. It gives us a teaching for the future. Failure, therefore prepares a person to go for the next attempt with better chance of success. Like in J.K Rowling’s speech, she describes how she failed on an â€Å"epic scale† after graduation. Another example is the article,† Terra Firma- A Journey from Migrant Farm labor to Neurosurgery † by Alfredo Quinone’s-Hinojosa. He failed by not being able to put any food in the table for his family. Both of Quinones and Rowling failed but†¦show more content†¦All the set backs he has encounter has made him stronger. It has also aid him in the in his journey of fulfilling of his dream, of a better life. Rowling’s failure is but different from the failure of Marcus Mabry. In the article,† Living in Two Worlds† by Marcus Mabry, his failure is the one of being helpless in the aid of his family. Mabry explains how he travels between two worlds, from rich to poor. â€Å"Once I got home to New Jersey, reality returned. My dreaded freshmen had been replaces by unemployed relatives; badgering professors had been replace by hard-working single mothers, and cold classrooms by dilapidated bedrooms and kitchens†(M.M, 110). Mabry feels a sense of remorse when he comes home. His sense of helplessness increases when seeing his family struggle while he is living a successful life. This kind of failure is the cruelest, the feeling of being null, not being able to help. I have also experience failure in my life. I failed to my self by not exerting my full potential, and not setting any goals in my life. The only thing I ever worried was about graduating from high school. I’ve lived high school with no goals, just gone day by day until graduation. In school I always have fallen short of an A grade. After every grade, I will realize that if I had just place more effort I would have had that A, or that B. Now in college I feel no change, I’m the same person from high school. However, slowly I’m learning toShow MoreRelatedIs College Athletics A Bonding?1612 Words   |  7 Pagestime on task; (f) communication of high expectations; and (g) respect of diverse talents and ways of learning (Chickering Gamson, 1987) all play major roles into the building on team bondage. Foundation of Team Bonding (where does it start) 4â€Å"Stepping Stones† on a positive slate has to be first installed so some type of order can be followed. Studies show this idea all starts with competitive spirit, the necessity of abiding by the rules, leadership qualities that would serve the young well throughoutRead MoreThe Rolling Stones And The Stones983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rolling Stones Stones, a simple concretion of earthy or mineral matter, a rock, a building block, it may be precious, or it may be garbage. The Rolling Stones are very similar to a pack a stones, a pack of random men to play music. They first started as a small measly band that soon grew into an international sensation. The Stones created some of the most widely known tunes and they also created one of the most iconic styles of music, rock and roll. The Rolling Stones were defined by the veryRead MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesSintya Sintya English 112- 09:00 a.m. Professor Wittlake 28 April 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substanceRead MoreWhether You Are for or against That Failure Can Lead to a More Interesting and Better Life565 Words   |  2 Pageswork for a gas station as a cashier. I left the fast food place as soon as I got the opportunity. With this being said it shows that failure functions as temporary detour in life it is not permanent unless you choose to let be, failure is also stepping stones that are necessary in life to achieve things, as well as how you learn experience without failure in life nothing would be knowledgeable. Failure is a good because in order to move forward there has to be effort put forth and that creates theRead MorePublic Speaking Informative1486 Words   |  6 PagesCollege GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform my audience of different methods they can use to obtain a four year degree through Burlington County College. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: Burlington County College offers many opportunities for advancement whether it is a stepping stone to a 4 year college, an entry into an accredited program through guarantee transfer, or the ever expanding bachelor degree completion program at Burlington County College. INTRODUCTION I attended Rutgers for a year. I was also actively involvedRead MoreSuccess And Success : John Wooden, An American Basketball Player And Coach View Success1145 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Achieving Success When we hear the word â€Å"success,† we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being successful is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is often primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach view success as â€Å"a peaceRead MoreThe Little Things Count : College Versus High School1083 Words   |  5 Pagesattending high school it is the goal of those teachers to prepare you for this aperture into the unknown. Learning important lessons like get your work in on time, be prompt to class and to develop and practice study skills. All of which are small stepping stones to the ultimate goal, college. So when asked what the differences are between the college and high school experience, the one main differences is responsibility. The overall structure of college and high school are seemly different, whether itRead MoreEcolab699 Words   |  3 PagesDiscuss how the leadership talent pipeline at Ecolab was critical to executing its business strategy. The CEO and executives got together and came up with a strategy that grows the company. They had to capitalize on success to capture greater share in markets. What this mean is they had to go a step higher than where the company currently stands. I think because they don’t want to get comfortable and stuck and can’t grow. They also are looking for new opportunities for the company to expand.Read MoreEssay Graduation Speech1236 Words   |  5 Pagesin sawdust rings And common folk, like you and me Are builders for eternity. For each is given a bag of tools, A shapeless mass, and a set of rules. And each of us, a life is flown, Must either build a stumbling block or stepping stone. Builders for eternity ... what an awe-inspiring thought: That you and I not would be, nor could be, but are builders for eternity. On this day, the seventh of June 2006, at our high school graduation night, the night we say goodbye to theRead MoreEmotions And The Learning Process918 Words   |  4 Pageson how much control you are willing to give your emotions to know the outcome of the situation. In my circumstances I let them take control and the effect was negative because I let it be an obstacle that led to failure instead of being a stepping stone for success. The value level of emotions is pretty high for me because they have an effect in the way I learn and am able to relate to the information I am given. I have learned that if I am positive and have an open mind I will be able to have a higher

Moral Values in the Happy Prince by Oscar Wilde - 4043 Words

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of the Study In our daily lives, we actually have gone through a lot of incident whether it is good or bad. However, we hardly draw the conclusion of the incident we have been through. We might fail to reach something we have been wanting so long, though the thing we desire is well-planned, yet the result is not like what we expect before. The point is that every time we are facing a problem, we should really pay attention and take the message of it. There will always be sort of a lesson in every single difficulty. Not only shall we find in our daily lives, but we could also find it while reading literary works, watching movies and suchlike. Reading literary works has interesting adventure†¦show more content†¦Empathy appears when the sincerity of love comes into ourselves and awakes our sense of mutual care with real action. It is unlikely to help others if there is no such love. In the short story of Happy prince tells about how happy prince, the main character helps some people by giving away all he has, even his sapphire eyes which leave him blind until he has nothing and is no longer admired by the rich men in town. Based on the background which has been presented, the writer is interested in analyzing and deciding to take title â€Å"Moral Lesson revealed in the short story of Happy Prince†. 1.2 The Reasons for Choosing the Problem The writer has got some reasons why the writer wants to analyze this problem. Moral lessons could be obtained either in books, movies or even in our daily activity, but we could find it while we are reading some sort of literary works as well. In fact, there are lots of messages conveyed by the author in fiction work. People sometimes simply enjoy reading novel or watching movies without knowing nothing about the values in it. This story is quite interesting, talking about Happy prince, one of the main characters helps the needy and the handicapped suffering from disease and poverty by taking his jeweled eyes and giving them away. The story tells us in detail how the poor live in dark and narrow houses. The do not even get enough to make theirShow MoreRelatedEssay on Oscar Wilde and His Fairy Tales5131 Words   |  21 PagesOscar Wilde and His Fairy Tales I. Introduction Wilde, Oscar (Fingal O’Flahertie Wills) (b. Oct. 16, 1854, Dublin, Ire ?d. Nov. 30, 1900, Paris, Fr.) Irish wit, poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere’s Fan (1893) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1899). He was a spokesman for Aestheticism, the late19th-century movement in England that advocated art for art’s sake. However, Oscar Wilde’s takeoff of his enterprise and, his shaping of his characteristicRead MoreOscar Wilde and His Fairy Tales5266 Words   |  22 PagesOscar Wilde And His Fairy Tales I. Introduction Wilde, Oscar (Fingal OFlahertie Wills) (b. Oct. 16, 1854, Dublin, Ire ?d. Nov. 30, 1900, Paris, Fr.) Irish wit, poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermeres Fan (1893) and The Importance of Being Earnest (1899). He was a spokesman for Aestheticism, the late19th-century movement in England that advocated art for arts sake. However, Oscar Wildes takeoff of his enterprise and, his shaping of his characteristicRead More History of Fairy Tales within Victorian Society Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesXIII) because there was an emphasis on preparing citizens to be more concerned about their moral character and conduct. After all, religious rules were to be the foundation of a happy family life and successful work. 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The suet puddings and the red pillarboxes have entered into your soul. Good or evil, it is yours, you belong to it, and this side the grave you will never get away from the marks that it has given you. Meanwhile

Same Sex Marriage Should Be Legalized - 898 Words

The focus of Homosexuality has been over all sorts of media, specifically starting in 2012. Finally, in 2015 same sex marriage was legalized in all fifty states. Many arguments have come around about if homosexuality is genetic or if its chosen. Many people think either way and there aren’t many people who are in between thinking that homosexuality is chosen or not. The song â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore was released in 2015 when all of the media slowed down about homosexuality and after same sex marriage was legalized. So when Macklemore released this song more attention came to same sex marriage. This song makes a lot of points about how everyone should be okay with same sex marriage but there are bigger arguments present. Macklemore uses the lyrics in this song to talk about how homosexuality is genetic by pulling in personal experiences and how being gay is not the social normality. Macklemore refers to a â€Å"god† and Catholics not being okay with homosexu als repeatedly and talking about how being a homosexual can’t be fixed. The lyrics â€Å"The right wing conservatives think it’s a decision you can be cured with some treatment and religion† is a strong yet subtle part of the song. It is thrown in the middle of the intro of the song so you only pay attention to it if you look at the lyrics. By putting these lyrics into the song Macklemore talks about conservatives think that being a homosexual is a decision and that you you don’t choose to be a homosexual. Also, that if you wentShow MoreRelatedShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized?. Same-Sex Marriages2063 Words   |  9 PagesShould Same-Sex Marriages Be Legalized? Same-sex marriages should be illegal because the increase of marriages with the same sex has aroused conflicts in society, affects on children, and religiously. Therefore one must halt the proposal. 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Accounting for Information System Functions Enterprise

Question: Discuss about the Accounting for Information System of Functions Enterprise. Answer: Introduction In the age of information technology, all the functions of the enterprises are handled electronically. As such the traditional accounting systems have also been taken over by accounting information systems or enterprise resource planning systems. This report describes the uses and features of reliable accounting software which are essential to manage the financial accounts in context of B Bakery. For this, an account of all the critical processes of the bakery is provided and different features of ERP/AIS are compared and contrasted to identify the appropriate AIS for the firm that can help the firm in handling the financial aspect of all its processes. Business processes/activities of the organization A baker is a professional person who makes breads, pastries, and other baked goods. Normally a baker checks the ingredients which are used in recipes and ensures that the qualities of ingredients such as breads, pies, cakes, and cupcakes are fresh (Davis, 2011). There are two types of bakers namely commercial bakers and retail bakers. Commercial bakers produce large volume of pastries and breads in manufacturing facilities. The retail bakers primarily produce smaller quantities of baked products for sale and for people in a retail store or shop. A bakery business includes different business activities or process, starting from procurement of baking products to sale of the product. These activities include purchasing of raw material, payments to suppliers, payroll generation for employees, working capital management and many more (Day, 2014). The process of baking starts form the purchasing of raw material. At this stage a baker budgets for the purchasing of required raw materials and equipments such as ovens, mixers, and other basic necessary things for baking. For this, the organization requires use data of information for the purchasing of standard quality of raw material and equipments. In this business, the production rate is monitored by the calculation of cost of raw material and the payment to suppliers. A baker investigates the pertaining problem in running business by analyzing system issues, product shortage, and missing products. Additionally, many direct and indirect expenses are incurred while running this busin ess. The direct expenses incur from the primary business activities and the indirect expenses conduct to administrative costs, and advertising costs (Russell, 2010). Just like in every business the need of budget for employees payroll is an important activity in bakery business. The employees are paid from the revenues generated by selling the baked products. Furthermore, at the corporation level a bakery business produces a large volume of standardized bakery products which requires big mixers or commercial mixers, oven, and other automated equipments. Thus, the firm has to look after its machinery and prepare budgets for their replacement and depreciation. Moreover, in bakery industry different procurement systems are used by the company for different products which is long and critical to manage in a systematic way. The consumers of these products are in large number. Hence, it can be said that a bakery has to enter into large number of transactions with its customers, suppliers, employees and other stakeholders which are difficult to manage in a traditional manner. Therefore, the financial management these type of firms require IT software like AIS (Accounting Information System) or ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) for quick and effective financial management of its business (Okungbowa, 2015). The accounting software works as a stru cture that is used in business to collect, manage, report, retrieve, and process its financial data which is used by an accountant, business analysts, auditors, and chief financial officers. The trained accountants work with AIS which ensures the highest accuracy and security in companys financial records and make data availability easy. It provides the visibility to make faster and better decisions for improvement. The data contained in these systems are pertinent for the financial information of organizations. The data included in AIS provides the information about sales order, payroll information, purchase requisitions, inventory data, time keeping and general ledger of the company (Gelinas et al, 2014). Business requirements Indispensible processes in the business In order to deliver value to its customers a business needs to fulfill all its requirements. For this, proper market offerings, system, structures and operations need to be in place. The process of procurement and selling are indispensable in context of the bakery business. This is because all the business activities depend on the quality and standard of purchased raw material and equipment used in the production. If the procurement system of the organization is excellent then the organization acquires a good external source for the purchasing of raw material which affects the quality of production (Garlough, 2010). A good quality raw material can give better quality products which affects the profitability of the organization. As well as, the quality of equipments used by the firm also affects the productivity of the organization. In other words, for a better productivity the procurement system of the organization should be efficient and visible for the organization. Moreover, the s upply chain system of the organization should be effective and efficient and take lesser time in moving the goods from the producer to the ultimate consumer. The selling process of the organization is an immense process for the success of the organization. It provides a base to an organization for long term success. If the selling process of an organization with promotional activities in competitive market is good then the sales of its products will increase the revenue of the firm (Lvanko, and Kivirist, 2015). The increased sales will increase the profitability of the organization and will create a strong financial position for the organization. In context of B bakery firm, the sales revenue increased to more than $ 13.5 million which represents that the profitability of the firm is good. It is a medium size enterprise so the procurement, supply chain and sales directly impact its reputation and the bottom line. If the wastage in supply chain is high then it will affect the profitability of the firm. The firm should manage its procurement system efficiently and effectively at competitive level which may result in a better productivity. Required outcomes to achieve business objectives Even though all activities are required to achieve the firms business objectives, the outcomes of procurement activities and selling activities are of critical importance. The required outcomes for B bakery in order to achieve its business objectives are attainment of an efficient procurement system, and supply chain for the supply of product to customers. Therefore, it is required that the firms wastage in supply chain should be reduced which will increase the profitability of the firm and will be helpful in achieving of its business objectives. In this way, the network of supply chain should be collaborated in operational activities. In bakery business different raw material are required for the production of different products. A better procurement system will provide the raw materials at competitive price and will take less time for the supply of materials. In supply chain process, the firm should use modern technologies, which will protect the material from environmental uncertainties and will give the pace to the supply of material from source to consumption in less time (Atkin, and Brooks, 2014). It will increase the visibility of the firm in a better way and increase profitable of the organization. The efficiency of a firm for sales should be increased which will affect the profitability of the firm. In other words, to achieve the business objectives the revenue is required to be increased which depends on the sales of the company. A firm may increase the sales by satisfying the needs of customers by selling quality products at reasonable price. If the firm is acquiring its required outcomes such as reduced cost of raw material, increased sales and increased revenue then the firm will achieve its objectives. So, it is required to manage its procurement system at competitive level that will be helpful in achieving the business object ives (Samson and Bevington, 2012). This is because the systematic procurement system will provide a way for purchasing raw materials at competitive price which will be effective to increase the profitability and will create a stable supply chain in terms of strong transportation management system. System requirements Features of accounting software to achieve the objectives of their IT investment In order to achieve IT investment objectives, the AIS/ERP systems used by B bakery should include information accountability, automation, security and many more features in its functions. These features will create a smooth way for the firm to achieve its objectives. In present time, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is known as life blood of data for every company. It is a vital part of the firm which is used to ensure the precise financial report of a specified time period. The ERP system entirely integrates with different functional areas of the firm like human resources, production, finance, logistics, and sales (Simkin et al, 2014). It organizes the information flow to use maximum of resources such as machine, material, money and men. The ERP system is helpful in enhancing the ability of a manufacturer to reduce wastage and maintain appropriate inventory to achieve the agenda of production. Furthermore, in these financial systems different graphs, tables, and diagrams should be included in ERP software, that are helpful in forecasting the business decisions and streamlining the business process or work flow for the firm. With the help of graphs, diagrams, and tables the manufacturer may estimate or prepare a strong financial report for the forecasting of appropriate financial decisions. It is essential because a business not only considers the current requirements but also looks ahead. So, the business forecasting is an essential feature of these systems to reduce the short-sightedness risks of the firm. ERP system works as a technological partner and supports firms investment. The ERP/AIS system should be in a proper accountability motion to preserve the records and orders of all business activities in a systematic mode (Lewis, 2014). There should be an option regarding when and who made the entries as well as modified it last time. Moreover, the accounting software sh ould include whole financial information related to product life cycle management, human resources, purchasing of raw materials, manufacturing, warehouse management, and customer relationship management. In this way, the ERP system provides the financial analysis report to the different department of the firm. It comprises the features of ledger account, account receivable, account payable, journal entries, and firms assets management (Turner, and Weickgenannt, 2012). The ERP system should also include the automation feature, which may analyze the changeable service tax and TDS in a better way. This feature will automatically change the accounting calculations with the change in different taxes. In addition to this, the financial accounting software should provide features to the firms that are essential in making strategic decisions. The financial system gives the ability to track the financial data in a single framework of multiple accounts to the firm. In ERP financial accounting system, the financial data are gathered from various departments to create important financial reports such as general ledger, balance sheet, quarterly financial reports, and trial balance. Also they help in cost analysis, gross profit analysis, branch wise analysis, tax management, and many more accounting analyses. Additionally, the security feature is an essential part of the ERP system for an organization. Therefore, it should provide different security features such as strong passwords, traceability and security options, and use of antivirus software to protect important data. So, the ERP software should be capable to protect the business secrets such as data related to sales and profit. The whole world is connecting to internet. So, the ERP accounting software should also have the connectivity with internet to receive and send the documents in digital way in less time. With the help of internet connectivity the accounting software can collect and make payments faster and redu ce the uncollected payments by automated payment option (Pelphrey, 2015). It saves the time and efforts of the firm. Therefore, the software used by B baker in its accounting system should consider the above features to significantly achieve its IT investment objectives. Software Selection Category of Accounting Software In context of B Bakery, medium category of accounting software will be suitable as the firm itself is a medium enterprise. Medium size accounting software supports the multiple users. Low level accounting software offers the module of standard accounting like order entry, general financials ledger, and payroll. It generally supports the few users and the data is embedded in the software. The cost of low size accounting software is near to the ground. In case of ERP at high package is extremely expensive. This software is helpful in training, reengineering of workflows and restructuring the cost of the organization. This software requires armies of consultants and multiple years for the installation for the high package ERP software (Moghadam, et al., 2013). B Bakery firm is wanted to make an investment for accounting software to take their business to the next level. In this situation, medium size market accounting software will choose by this firm, because the sales revenue of this firm is $13.5 million in the past year. The accounting software that serves medium size business can provide full financial suite and offer different e-commerce solutions. The accounting software supports the multiple users, and come with the embedded database or work with and existing data base product. B Bakery firm wants a truly unique requirement to take their business in high end enterprises, so they can addressed with a software customization. Medium size of accounting software can be selected on the basis of industries or types of businesses. The accounting software can be segmented by the countries, revenue of the businesses and different type of law and accounting practices that require specialized accounting software (Prasad and Green, 2015). B Bakery can select the medium size accounting software on the basis of their revenue. Vendor Selection Compare and contrast There are many accounting softwares which offer different accounting facilities to medium size business. Microsofts Microsoft dynamics GP and Intuits QuickBooks Pro are the most popular accounting software in Australia. Microsoft dynamics GP is accounting and financial management software developed by Microsoft. QuickBooks Pro, developed by Intuit is accounting software that is mainly used for the small and medium size businesses. It offers accounting applications and cloud based versions (Soudani, 2012). It provides a facility of scalable solution that allows a business to add location, users, entities and modules, whenever the business decides that it is essential. Intuits QuickBooks Pro and Microsofts Dynamics GP, both have ability to develop with the business. In case of QuickBooks Pro, the number of users that can use the system is limited to 30, while there are no user limits for the Microsoft Dynamics GP. In contrast to this, Microsoft Dynamics GP provides licenses to the different user like business users, project managers and employees. QuickBooks Pro can be used by both small-medium business and large enterprise and Microsoft dynamics GP provides different services to small, medium, and large size of business. In additional to this, Intuits QuickBooks Pro provides different integrations like Microsoft Excel 2002, 2003, or 2001, bin location tracing, FIFO inventory costing, quantity discount, price change by class, multi location inventory and serial number tracing (Hall, 2012). In contrast to this, Microsoft Dynamics GP provides some extra integration like global business management, integration with salesforce.com, integration with Clarizen, Intacct Accounting Edition and Development Sandbox. QuickBooks Pro provides some accounting feature related to inventory, sales and customers, purchasing and vendors, reporting and finances, and payroll. Microsoft Dynamics GP provides some extra features apart from the QuickBooks Pro features such as accounts payable, multi currency support, depreciation tracking, bank reconciliation, auto-tax calculator, business activities statement and trail balance. Moreover, QuickBooks Pro allows the user to amend the report based on pre-defined alternatives. Microsoft Dynamics GP permits businesses to slice and dice the data according to the best significant way to the business (Crosson and Yacht, 2015). Intuits QuickBooks Pro software is available in a mobile app for the user but Microsoft dynamics GP accounting software is not available in mobile app for users. There are some integration problems in the program presents by QuickBooks Pro software, but it can be effortlessly integrated with the third party applications. In contrast, Microsoft Dynamics GP has powerful programs, which may contain extra attributes that are more multifaceted and needed by medium-size businesses. QuickBookss Pro software provides precise financial management alternatives and proposes considerable support for book keeping and accounting functions like batch entries, that can save the time of the businesses. In difference to this, Microsoft dynamics GP offer numerous features for broad variety of small, medium and large size businesses. QuickBooks pro enterprises has a limits on the number of master record and data base size, but in contract to this, Microsoft Dynamics GP has been tested on a large datasheet with millions of records and thousands of transaction processed at the same by different users (Gelinas et al., 2014). QuickBooks pro works for the small to mid size business. But in contrast to this, Microsoft Dynamics Pro work not only for the small and mid size business but also for the larger business enterprises. QuickBooks pro and Microsoft Dynamics GP both provide multi-currency and multi-lingual competencies. Most Suitable Vendor Introduction of accounting software in Bakery business provide key advantage like accuracy of function and ability to see the real-time financial position of the business. From the above discussion, it can be recommended that Microsoft is the most suitable vendor of accounting software for Bakery business. It provides Microsoft Dynamics GP accounting software that is helpful in Bakery business. In this context, Microsoft Dynamics GP is helpful for small to major businesses as they expand their business. Microsoft Dynamics GP accounting software manages the same information of business in different palaces even when employees are very far away from each other (Vail, 2012). Microsoft vendor provides an interactive demo and webinar introduction to the business. With the implementation of this, businesses can be provided 30 days online demo to see whether the software is suitable for business needs or not. Before purchasing Microsoft software, businesses can check the software according to the business needs. Moreover, Microsoft dynamics GP is helpful for driving growth in bakery business. It mechanizes the full accounting processes that can increase the output, and provide compliance in business. Microsoft allows the users to modify the dashboard to make graphics, accountability, automation, security and many more features that will allow smooth operations in Bakery business to achieve the objectives of business. Microsoft Dynamics GP provides accounting feature related to the accounts payable, general ledger, sales tax, business activity statements, depreciation tracking, trail balance, and inventory management in Bakery business that is helpful to analysis the financial position (Polino and Allen, 2015). It also includes the automation feature that analyzes the changeable service tax. Microsoft provides a security feature and guarantee to businesses that it will provide a disaster recovery of data. Microsoft dynamics GP is helpful to provide reports of payroll analysis, stock valuation, budget analysis, and GST/VAT returns to the management (Grieve, 2013). Along with this, there are no user limits. It provides positive opportunity to Bakery business by handling their systems in an efficient manner when they expand their customers and users. Furthermore, Microsoft dynamics GP presents a powerful integration, which helps in the strategic decision making of the business. This software is be capable to protect the business secret and all the data related to business activities. It offers industry-leading functionality across service, distribution, human resources, and many more factors that help to ensure customer solutions. Thus, Dynamic GP is helpful for small and medium size organization to achieve a positive return on investment in the average payback of 21 month. Dynamics GP can easily be integrated with the Excel and SQL reporting to pull information from multiple sources and present a real time report on the most vital data. Apart from this, licenses schemes of the Microsoft dynamics GP is flexible that can provide saving on one-size fits approach. It can be set-up to account for different types of customers/users and implemented it as a Starter Pack or Extended pack. Microsoft Dynamics GP is suitable software for Bakery business, because this software will be helpful to empower employees to share information across the organization. It will reduce the deployment time with tools that are helpful to start the system in minutes, quickly set up core service, and update the data from system (Yudin, 2010). It will help to increase the productivity, because of low support requirements. This software will also help to reduce the cost of doing Bakery business by removing unproductive tasks and cyclical busywork. Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that in present time the requirement of accounting software has become mandatory for analyzing the financial accounting information. In this context, the ERP/AIS system is essential for businesses to manage their activities. It provides the security to data of the business and pace to different business activities. Further, it was found that B bakery is the medium category firm. Hence, Microsoft dynamic GP is the most suitable accounting software for this firm to support the financial aspect of business. References Atkin, B. and Brooks, A. (2014) Total Facility Management. USA: Total Facility Management. Crosson, S., and Yacht, C. (2015) Computer Accounting Essentials Using QuickBooks 2015. US: McGraw-Hill Education. Davis, D. D. (2011) How to Start a Home-Based Bakery Business. USA: Rowman Littlefield. Day, J. (2014) Meg Rivers Traditional Home Baking: Treats for family and friends. UK: Ryland Peters Small. Garlough, R. (2010) Modern Food Service Purchasing: Business Essentials to Procurement. USA: Cengage Learning. Gelinas, U., Dull, R. and Wheeler, P. (2014) Accounting Information Systems. USA: Cengage Learning. Gelinas, U.J., Dull, B.R., and Wheeler, P. (2014) Accounting Information Systems. US: Cengage Learning. Grieve, I. (2013) Microsoft Dynamics GP 2013 Financial Management. UK: Packt Publishing Ltd. Hall, A.J. (2012) Accounting Information Systems. US: Cengage Learning. Lewis, J. (2014) The Book You Need Before You Buy That Accounting Software: How Find, Buy and Implement the Best Accounting Software Solution For Your Business. UK: Evolve Systems Distribution Pty Ltd. Lvanko, J. and Kivirist, L. (2015) Homemade for Sale: How to Set Up and Market a Food Business from Your Home Kitchen. UK: New Society Publishers. Moghadam, H.M., Akhavansaffar, M., Bakhshaei, Z., and MirHosseini, S.Y. (2013). Effect of investment in information technology system on providing desired services of accounting information system. Elixir International Journal A, 55, pp. 13268-13273. Okungbowa, A. (2015) SAP ERP Financial Accounting and Controlling: Configuration and Use Management. USA: Apress. Pelphrey, M. (2015) Directing the ERP Implementation: A Best Practice Guide to Avoiding Program Failure Traps While Tuning System Performance. USA: CRC Press. Polino, M., and Allen, B. (2015) Real-world Business Intelligence with Microsoft Dynamics GP Prasad, A., and Green, P. (2015) Organizational competencies and dynamic accounting information system capability: impact on AIS processes and firm performance. Journal of Information Systems, 29(3), pp. 123-149. Professional expertise distilled.UK: Packt Publishing Ltd. Russell, L. (2010) Bristol Business and Industry. USA: Arcadia Publishing. Samson, D. and Bevington, T. (2012) Implementing Strategic Change: Managing Processes and Interfaces to Develop a Highly Productive Organization. UK: Kogan Page Publishers. Simkin, M., Norman, C. and Rose, J. (2014) Core Concepts of Accounting Information Systems. USA: John Wiley Sons. Soudani, S.N. (2012) The usefulness of an accounting information system for effective organizational performance. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(5), p. 136. Turner, L. and Weickgenannt, A. (2012) Accounting Information Systems: The Processes and Controls. USA: John Wiley and Sons. Vail, L. (2012) Developing Microsoft Dynamics GP Business Applications. UK: Packt Publishing Ltd. Whitley, A. (2011) Bread Matters: The State of Modern Bread and a Definitive Guide to Baking Your Own. USA: Andrews McMeel Publishing. Yudin, V. (2010) Microsoft Dynamics GP 2010 Implementation. UK: Packt Publishing Ltd.

Oedipus At Colonus Monologue Essay Example For Students

Oedipus At Colonus Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Sophocles NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Dramas. Sophocles. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1906. OEDIPUS: O front of impudence! Which thinkest thou Now to defileMy grey hairs, or thine own? Who hast spit forth out of thy mouth at me Murders and marriages and accidents, Which to my grief, not of free will, I suffered; Such was the will of Heaven, that had some cause For wrath, it may be, with out house, of old. Since for myself, I know you cannot find Any reproach of wrongfulness in me, That could have doomed me to commit these wrongs Against myself and mine; for, answer me, If to my father by an oracle The revelation came that he should die By his son\s hands, how can you justly tax Me with the fact, whom neither father yet Then had begot, or mother had conceived, Me, who as yet had not begun to me? And if thereafter provingas I proved Hapless, I did lay hands upon my sire And slay him, nowise knowing what I did, Nor yet to whom I did it, how, I ask, Can you with reason blame the unconscious deed! And for my motherare you not ashamed, O miserable! at forcing me to name Her marriage, your own sister\sas I will I will not now be silent, you being grown To such a monster of outspokenness! She bareah, yes, unknowingly she bare Mewho not knew! Woe worth the while to me And having given me birth, she brought me forth Childrenher own reproach! But of set purpose, For one thing, well I know, you spit this venom On her, and me; whereas I wedded her Unwitting, and unwillingly speak of it. But not for this my marriage, nor for that That parricide, which you continually Throw in my teeth, bitterly upbraiding it, Do I consent to be called infamous. For answer me a question; but this one; If any person here upon the spot Drew near to kill youyou the just onewhether Would you enquire if he that sought your life Were your own father, or requite him straight? You would requite the offender, I conceive, If you love life; not look about for law. Just such was the misfortune I incurred, Led by the hand of Heaven; for which, I fancy, Not even my father\s spirit, were he alive, Could say one word against me. And yet you (For just you are not, but think well to utter All things, both lawful and unlawful,) you Slander me with these sayings before them all! Yea, you make free to fawn on Theseus\ name, And upon Athenshow decorously She hath been ordered; and so lauding her, You miss out this, that if there be a land That knows what reverence to the Gods is due, \Tis she herein excels, whence to remove Me, the old suppliant, you assail my person, And seize my daughters, and make off with them. Wherefore these maiden Powers I invoke With supplications, and with prayers adjure To come, as aiders and auxiliaries; So you may learn what sort of men they are, By whom this city is defended.

The discipline of archaeology is by no means a simple nor singular study of the past Essay Example For Students

The discipline of archaeology is by no means a simple nor singular study of the past Essay Due to the wide range of evidence within the archaeological record, from organic to inorganic, many different methods and approaches are taken in order to deal with the wide spectrum of differing evidence. Nevertheless, the study of pottery is without doubt one of the most important tasks taken on by any archaeologist. A great wealth of information can be gained from the study of pottery, despite its inanimate state. It is for this very reason that this essay will attempt to explore and explain the multitude of study that archaeologists apply to pottery. As has already been stated, there are many lessons to be learned from the study of pottery. These lessons vary in both practice and utility. However, all play their part in piecing together the past. Much can be learned from pottery some of which is directly linked to the pottery itself. Other information can be found which is more inferred than anything else. This therefore makes the study of pottery one of two parts. We will write a custom essay on The discipline of archaeology is by no means a simple nor singular study of the past specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Firstly, the physical study of pottery, which will be dealt with in the first part of this essay, and secondly the study of the cultural insight pottery gives enabling archaeologists to understand the society from which it came. Perhaps the most obvious way of analysing pottery is by the naked eye but its obviousness should not detract from its importance. By observing the physical attributes of any artefact a great deal can be told of its manufacture as well as its manufacturer. The practice of typology is of great use when analysing pottery. By observing the shape and size of any artefact it is often possible to date that artefact within a specific range of dates. The size of this range is however not always as accurate as one might wish it to be. Nevertheless, by using typology an educated guess can be made regarding the creation of a piece of pottery this can then be further applied to the site itself where the pottery was excavated. If however, the piece of pottery is decorated in any way the date of creation can be more accurate. The reason for this increase in accuracy is quite simple. Even though the shape of a piece of pottery is an important factor in determining its date through typology it is unfortunately not particularly prone to change through time, unlike decoration. The shape of a water vessel generally remains the same in any specific culture due to the nature of its purpose, it is therefore much more useful if a decoration is present on the vessel since it is much more susceptible to change. Decorative features may change in a few generations and therefore are said to be chronologically sensitive. It is for this reason that decorative features can narrow the range in which an artefact can be dated. As useful as typology proves to be it is unfortunately only suitable when sufficient research has been done in the particular area which is being studied. Characteristics from one culture cannot necessarily be applied to another. It is therefore not possible to assume that a small narrow vase found in Asia could be dated along with one of similar attributes found in Europe. Not all physical study of pottery have such complexities. Very basic observations can tell a great deal about the production of a piece of pottery. Although common place today, the practice of throwing pots on a wheel was only introduced after approximately 3400 B. C. Previous this date a process of building pots up using a series of clay coils was used. This easily identifiable difference can immediately give the piece of pottery a terminus post quem. It also gives a very clear picture of the technology available and used by the craftsman. The physical characteristics of pottery can also be used to identify even finer details of its production. If the surface of a piece of pottery is vitrified or glazed it can be assumed that it was fired in a heat in excess of 900 degrees Celsius which is only possible in an enclosed kiln. he process of firing pottery in an enclosed kiln produces complete oxidisation of the clay and therefore a uniform colour can be seen on the finished product. .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .postImageUrl , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:visited , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:active { border:0!important; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:active , .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8022dfd49fad8e80fcc39eddd764328b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Call Of The Wild EssayA cloudy or blotchy surface indicates incomplete oxidisation which is the product of insufficient time or heat in firing, this is generally the result of a piece of pottery fired in an open kiln. It is also possible to apply more scientific methods to establish details of a piece of potterys manufacture. Scanning electron microscopy can reveal slight changes in the microstructure of clay heated in excess of 900 degrees Celsius. The attention paid to how hot the kiln was may seem at first disproportionate to its worth but in fact it is of major importance. By establishing at what temperature the pottery was fired at a clear picture can be painted of mans grasp of pyrotechnology at the time in question. The building of enclosed kilns therefore is an important stage in mans development. By assessing the method of manufacture an archaeologist is able to reveal the technological development of the group of people from which the pottery came from. Although merely observing pottery with the naked eye can give a large amount of information it has also been illustrated that more scientific methods of study are of great use also. The recent development of such methods has changed the field of vision of the archaeologist and enabled him to view the past with greater detail. The use of chemical and infrared spectroscopy has enabled archaeologists to establish details of the diets of the ancient people under study. Residue left in or on pottery can be looked at under a microscope to reveal the contents of a pot thousands of years ago. As stated in Renfrew Bahn a jar found in Western Iraq, after chemical and infrared spectroscopy was found to contain tartaric acid which indicated the earliest appearance of wine in the diet of any human race. Of course this particular piece of evidence goes further than merely indicating what an ancient group of people may have eaten or drunk. It has cultural implications too. It infers that, due to the nature of alcohol, the ancient group which the vessel came from were involved in social gatherings where wine would be drunk. This use of science within archaeology is by no means atypical. Scientific analysis may seem cold and quite unable to shed light on the people of the past but this is not the case. The existence of grain impressions or grains themselves in or on ancient pottery lend themselves perfectly to science. From this much can be learned of the culture of the ancient people in question. By studying the shape and size of ancient grains under a microscope archaeologists can gain knowledge of cereal domesticity amongst early peoples. Again, as with residue in the jar stated earlier, information regarding the culture of the group from which the pottery came from can de deduced through the scientific results of such practices as grain analysis through microscopy, spectroscopy and chemical testing. The cultivation and domesticating of cereals shows and advance in mans grasp of the world around him. Oil bearing seeds found in or on pottery can also help give an insight into the life of the group who made the pottery. Oil bearing seeds which give flax can be used to make textiles. These seemingly worthless remains often found in or on pottery are in fact of paramount importance to the study of the past. As has been illustrated knowledge of diet and behaviour as well as clothing and technology can all be gained through the study of pottery and that found with it. The application of scientific methods to the clay itself can also give great insight to the archaeologist. By identifying the chemical constituency of the clay the source can be identified also. This in turn gives evidence of the range and contacts of the particular group from which the pottery came from. .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .postImageUrl , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:hover , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:visited , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:active { border:0!important; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:active , .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6 .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u93becbcf6c01194e7020863b711106a6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Home Work EssayThis information can help the archaeologist understand the trade or lack of trade which existed amongst the ancient peoples under study. Obviously, if a piece of pottery was sourced 300 miles from where it was discovered it can be assumed that the group of people from which it belonged had contact directly or indirectly with the site 300 miles away showing either a very broad ranging community, as associated with nomadic groups, or alternatively an established trade link, as associated with a more settled community. In fact, as stated in Renfrew Bahn, the very existence of pottery indicates the emergence of a more sedentary life. Renfrew Bahn,1996,320) The presence of pottery within a culture shows the beginnings of complexity where trade and production are beginning to establish themselves. It is also important to note that pottery lends itself not only to the study of early technology and complexity but also to simpler aspects of early peoples lives. Beliefs and religious practices can often be seen on ancient pottery. Depictions of the arts and music can also be found on ancient pottery such as those found on the Iberian vases excavated in San Miguel de Lina, Spain. The discovery of pottery on an archaeological sight is a discovery of great importance. Pottery tells many stories of how it was made and who made it. It also goes further than this and can tell a great deal about the people involved in its production. Recent developments have transformed archaeology from closets of curiosity to a viewing hole into the past. Without the existence of pottery in the archaeological record that transformation would not have been possible. Pottery holds an endless supply of information all which may not have been tapped into.